Ch. 7 Cellular Respiration

Question 1

oxidation

Answer 1

strips an electron from an atom in a compound

Question 2

reduction

Answer 2

addition of electron to another compound

Question 3

redox reactions

Answer 3

pairs of oxidation and reduction reactions involved with energy production within a cell

Question 4

NAD

Answer 4

oxidized form

derived from vitamin B3 niacin

Question 5

NADH

Answer 5

reduced form

has accepted two electrons and a proton

Question 6

Dephosphorylation

Answer 6

release of one or two phosphate groups from ATP releasing energy

Question 7

Phosphate groups

Answer 7

are negatively charged and repel each other making them unstable to release energy

Question 8

Intermediate Complex

Answer 8

temporary structure made of enzymes that bind to several substrates that react with each other on the enzyme

Question 9

Phosphorylation

Answer 9

addition of a phosphate

Question 10

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Answer 10

very direct method of phosphorylation where ATP is generated from ADP as a direct result of the chemical reactions that occur in the catabolic pathways

Question 11

Chemiosmosis

Answer 11

process of ATP production in cellular metabolism used to generate 90% of the ATP made during glucose catabolism and is also used in photosynthesis to harness sunlight energy

Question 12

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 12

chemiosmosis process in mitochondria of ATP production that uses oxygen

Question 13

Glycolysis

Answer 13

first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism
does not use oxygen directly so is considered anaerobic
takes place in cytoplasm
will begin with six C ring glucose and end with 2 molecules of 3 C sugar pyruvate

Question 14

Outcomes of Glycolysis

Answer 14

2 pyruvate molecules, 4 new ATP and 2 NADH (net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH) if pyruvate is not catabolized only 2 ATP

Question 15

Last step of glycolysis can not occur without

Answer 15

pyruvate kinase so it is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis

Question 16

Pyruvate goes to _____ for cellular respiration

Answer 16

mitochondria

Question 17

Breakdown of Pyruvate (oxidation)

Answer 17

pyruvate is transformed into an acetyl group
(carboxyl group is removed releasing CO2 and NAD is reduced to NADH so that an acetyl group is transfered to co enzyme A resulting in acetyl CoA

Question 18

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 18

occurs in mitochondrial matrix
produces very little ATP and uses little O
considered anaerobic
2 C come in from each acetyl group
2 CO2 are released each cycle and 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 are formed
carriers will connect with last portion of ETC and produce 1 ATP or GTP

Question 19

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 19

last component of aerobic respiration and is the only part of glucose metabolism that uses atmospheric O2
shuttles electrons from NADH and FADH to molecular )2
in process protons are pumped from matrix to outside and oxygen is reduced to make H2O

Question 20

Complex I

Answer 20

2 electrons carried to first complex via NADH composed of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and an iron sulfur containing protein
cofactor

Question 21

Prosthetic Group

Answer 21

non protein molecule required for the activity of a protein can be organic or not nonpeptide molecules bound to a protein to facilitate its function

Question 22

Q and Complex II

Answer 22

directly recieves FADH2 which does not pass C1 compound connecting II and III is UBIQUINONE B a lipid soluble molecule that freely moves through hydrophobic core, once reduced to QH2 it delivers its electrons to the next complex in the ETC

Question 23

Complex III

Answer 23

composed of cytochrome B an Fe5 protein so iron ions in core is reduced and oxidized as it passes the electrons fluctuating between Fe++(reduced) and Fe+++ (oxidized)

Question 24

Complex IV

Answer 24

cytochromes hold onto oxygen molecule tightly between iron and copper ions until O is reduced by gain of two electrons
reduced O then picks up 2 H ions from the surrounding medium to make H2O
removal of hydrogen ions from system contributes to ion gradient that forms foundation for chemiosmosis

Question 25

ATP yield

Answer 25

number of hydrogen ions that the ETC complexes pump through membrane varies between species

Question 26

Fermentation

Answer 26

processes that use an organic molecule to regenerate NAD from NADH

Question 27

Anaerobic cellular Respiration

Answer 27

cellular respiration without the presence of O

Question 28

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 28

method used by animals and certain bacteria such as those in yogurt and red blood cells
only process not to make gas byproduct

Question 29

Alcohol Fermentation

Answer 29

produces ethanol

Question 30

Glycogen

Answer 30

polymer of glucose, energy storage, when there is enough ATP present excess glucose is stored as glycogen

Question 31

Proteins are hydrolized by a variety of enzymes/ aminos are recycled into the synthesis of new proteins

Answer 31

if too many aminos or body is starving aminos with their amine groups will be pushed into glucose catabolism pathways

Question 32

Cholesterol Synthesis

Answer 32

starts with acetyl groups and proceeds in only one direction

Question 33

fatty acids catabolized in process called

Answer 33

beta oxidation

Question 34

GLUT (glucose transporter proteins)

Answer 34

transport protein and regulate glucose access to a cell

Question 35

Allosteric Effectors

Answer 35

may increase or decrease enzyme activity depending on conditions
alters steric structure of the enzyme usually affecting the configuration of the active site (increase or decrease enzyme activity depending on conditions)

Question 36

During the second half of glycolysis…

Answer 36

ATP is made

Question 37

GTP or ATP is produced during the conversion of …

Answer 37

succinyl CoA to succinate

Question 38

How many NADH molecules are made for each turn of the citric acid cycle

Answer 38

3

Question 39

what compound receives electrons from NADH

Answer 39

ubiqionone B

Question 40

Chemiosmosis involves the movement of hydrogen ions (protons)

Answer 40

across a mitochondrial membrane

Question 41

A major connection for sugars in glycolysis is …

Answer 41

glucose 6 phosphate

Question 42

citrate is an inhibitor of phosphofructokinase by …

Answer 42

feedback regulation which is the enzyme with the most control in glycolysis