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BIO 360 Physiology > Ch. 7 intro to endocrine system > Flashcards

Ch. 7 intro to endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Pineal Gland

A

Melatonin[P,A]; brain/other tissues.; Circadian rhythms/immune funtion/antixoidant

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2
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Hypothalamus

A

Trophic hormones [P,A]; Anterior pituitary; phosphorylates proteins/alters channel opening

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3
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Posterior Pituitary (nerve)

A

Oxytocin [P] - breast and uterus; milk ejection/labor delivery/behavior Vasopressin (ADH)[P] - kidney, water reabsorption

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4
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Anterior Pituitary

A

Prolactin [P] - breast; milk production Growth Hormone (Somatotropin)[P] - Liver, many tissues; growth factor secretion/growth &metabolism Corticotropin(ACTH)[P] - Adrenal cortex’ cortisol release Thyrotropin(TSH)[P] - thyroid gland; thyroid; thyroid hormone synthesis Follicle-stimulating hormone [P]- gonads; egg or sperm production/sex hormone production Lutienizing hormone [P] - gonads; sex hormone production/ egg or sperm production

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5
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Thyroid Gland

A

Triiodothyronin & Thyroxin [A] - many tissues; metabolism/growth/development Calcitonopin [P] - bone; plasma calcium levels/minimal effect in humans

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6
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Parathyroid gland

A

Parathyroid hormone [P] - bone/kidney; regulates plasma Ca2+ & phosphate levels

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7
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Thymus gland

A

Thymosin & Thymopoietin [P] - lymphocytes; lymphatic development

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8
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Heart (endocrine cells)

A

Artial natriurectic peptide [P] - kidneys; increases Na+ secretion

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9
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Liver (endocrine cells)

A

Angiotensinogen [P] - adrenal cortex/blood vessels; aldosterone secretion/increases blood pressure Insulin-like gowth factors [P]- many tissues; growth

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10
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Stomach & Small Intestine (endocrine cells)

A

Gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, & others [P] - GI tract & pancrea; assist digestion & absorption of nutrients

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11
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Pancreas gland

A

Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin, Pancreatic polypeptide [P] - many tissues; metabolism of glucose and other nutrients

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12
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Adrenal Cortex gland

A

Aldosterone [S] - kidney; Na+ & K+ homeostasis Cortisol [S] - many tissues; stress response Androgens [S] - many tissues; increase calcium absorption

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13
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Adrenal Medulla (nerve)

A

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine [A] - many tissues; fight or flight response

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14
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Kidney (endocrine cells)

A

Erythropoietin [P] - bone marrow; red blood cell production 1,25 Dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (calciferol) [S] - intestine; increase calcium absorption

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15
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Skin (endocrine cells)

A

Vitamin D3 [S] - intermediate form of hormone; [precursor of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D3)

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16
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Testes (male) gland

A

Androgens - many tissues; sperm production/ secondary sex characteristics Inhibin - anterior pituitary; inhibits FSH secretion

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17
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Ovaries (female) gland

A

Estrogen/Progesterin [S] - many tissues, egg production/secondary sex characteristics Inhibin [P] - anterior pituitary; inhibits FSH secretion Relaxin (preg) [P] - unterine muscle; relaxes muscle

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18
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Adipose Tissue (endocrine glands)

A

Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin [P] - hypothalamus/other tissues; food intake/metabolism/reproduction

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19
Q

Hormone(s), Primary target, and effects of: Placenta (preg) (endocrine cells)

A

Estrogen [S] - many tissues; fetal/maternal development Chorionic somatomammotropin [P] - many tissues; metabolism Chorionic gonadotropin [P] - corpus luteum; hormone secretion

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20
Q

Definition: Hormone

A

is a chemical secreted by a cell or group of cells into the blood for transport to a distant target, where it exerts its effect at very low concentrations.

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21
Q

Definition: Secretion

A

the movement of a substance from inside a cell to the extracellular fluid or directly into the external environment.

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22
Q

Definition: Pheromones

A

specialized ectohormones that act on other organisms of the same species to elicit a physiological or behavioral response.

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23
Q

Definition: Growth Factors

A

large group of substances that influence cell growth and division, are being studied to determine if they meet all the criteria for hormones.

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24
Q

Definition: Cellular mechanism of action

A

All hormones bind to target cell receptors and initiate biochemical responses

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25
Definition: half-life
The rate of hormone breakdown is indicated by a hormone’s half-life in the circulation, the amount of time required to reduce the concentration of hormone by one-half. Half-life is one indicator of how long a hormone is active in the body
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1.,Synthestis/Storage; 2.Release from Parent Cell; 3.Transport in Blood; 4.Half-Life; 5.Location of Receptor; 6.Response to Receptor-Ligand Binding; 7.General Target Response; 8.List of: PEPTIDE HORMONES
1.Made in advance/stored in secretory vesicles; 2.Exocytosis; 3.Dissolved in plasma; 4.Short; 5.Cell membrane; 6.activation of second messenger systems; may activate genes; 7.Modification of existing proteins & induction of new protein synthesis; 8. Oxytocin, prolactin, growth hormone, corticiotrophin, thyrotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luticenizing, calcitonopin, parathyroid hormone, thymosin & thymopoite, artierial natriient peptide, angioistensinogen, insulin-like growth factor, gastrin/choleosktokini.secretin/others, insulin/glucogen/stomaotatin/pancreatic poly peptide, erythropoietin, inhibin, relaxin,leptin/ponectin/resitin, chorionis somatomtrogin, chorin gonadroptin
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1.,Synthestis/Storage; 2.Release from Parent Cell; 3.Transport in Blood; 4.Half-Life; 5.Location of Receptor; 6.Response to Receptor-Ligand Binding; 7.General Target Response; 8.Examples of: STEROID HORMONES
1. synthesized on demand from precursors 2. simple diffusion 3. bound to carrier proteins 4 long 5. cytoplasm or nucleus; some have membrane receptors 6. activation of genes for transcription and translation; may have nongenomic actions 7. induction of new protein synthesis 8. Aldosterone, cortisol, androgen, vitamin D3, estrogen
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1.,Synthestis/Storage; 2.Release from Parent Cell; 3.Transport in Blood; 4.Half-Life; 5.Location of Receptor; 6.Response to Receptor-Ligand Binding; 7.General Target Response; 8.Examples of: Amine Hormone CATECHOLAMINES (tyrosine derived)
1. made in advance; stored in secretory vesicles 2. exocytosis 3. dissolved in plasma 4. short 5. cell membrane 6. Activation of second messenger systems 7. modification of existing proteins 8. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
29
1.,Synthestis/Storage; 2.Release from Parent Cell; 3.Transport in Blood; 4.Half-Life; 5.Location of Receptor; 6.Response to Receptor-Ligand Binding; 7.General Target Response; 8.Examples of: Amine Hormone THYROID HORMONE (tyrosine derived)
1. made in advance; precursor stored in secretory vesicles 2. transport protein 3. bound to carrier proteins 4. long 5. nucleus 6. activation of genes for transcription and translation 7. induction of new protein synthesis 8. Thyroxine (T4)
30
Definition: Preprohormones
contain one or more copies of a peptide hormone, a signal sequence that directs the protein into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and other peptide sequences that may or may not have biological activity
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Definition: prohormone
when the signal sequence is removed in the endoplasmic reticulum from the inaction preprohormone; a smaller, still-inactive molecule
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Definition: post-translational modification
In the Golgi complex, the prohormone is packaged into secretory vesicles along with proteolytic enzymes that chop the prohormone into active hormone and other fragments
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thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
contain multiple copies of the hormone
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pro-opiomelanocortin
This prohormone splits into three active peptides plus an inactive fragment. In some instances, even the fragments are clinically useful.
35
C-peptide
an inactive fragment from when proinsulin is cleaved into active insulin. Clinicians measure the levels of C-peptide in the blood of diabetics to monitor how much insulin the patient’s pancreas is producing.
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signal transduction
Many peptide hormones work through cAMP second messenger systems. A few peptide hormone receptors, such as that of insulin, have tyrosine kinase activity or work through other signal transduction pathways.
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adrenal cortex
the outer portion of the adrenal glands {cortex, bark}, makes several types of steroid hormones
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adrenal gland
sits atop each kidney. endocrine and nuroendorcrine
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cortisol
a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, has a half-life of 60–90 minutes.The binding of a steroid hormone to a carrier protein protects the hormone from enzymatic degradation and results in an extended half-life
40
melatonin
is derived from tryptophan in The Pineal Gland, but the other amino acid–derived hormones—the catecholamines and thyroid hormones—are made from tyrosine
41
Catecholamines
a modification of a single tyrosine molecule. (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) are neurohormones that bind to cell membrane receptors the way peptide hormones do
42
thyroid hormones
combine two tyrosine molecules with iodine atoms; produced by the butterfly-shaped thyroid gland in the neck, behave more like steroid hormones, with intracellular receptors that activate genes
43
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
which controls calcium homeostasis, is an example of a hormone that uses a simple endocrine reflex. PTH is secreted by four small parathyroid glands in the neck. The parathyroid endocrine cells monitor plasma Ca2+ concentration with the aid of G protein-coupled Ca2+ receptors on their cell membranes. When a certain number of receptors are bound to Ca2+, PTH secretion is inhibited. If the plasma Ca2+concentration falls below a certain level and fewer Ca2+ eceptors are bound, inhibition ceases and the parathyroid cells secrete PTH. Parathyroid hormone travels through the blood to act on bone, kidney, and intestine, initiating responses that increase the concentration of Ca2+ in the plasma. The increase in plasma Ca2+is a negative feedback signal that turns off the reflex, ending the release of parathyroid hormone.
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Simple vs multiple pathway endocrine systems
45
pituitary gland
a lima bean–sized structure that extends downward from the brain, connected to it by a thin stalk and cradled in a protective pocket of bone
46
anterior pituitary
is a true endocrine gland of epithelial origin, derived from embryonic tissue that formed the roof of the mouth. It is also called the adenohypophysis
47
posterior pituitary
or neurohypophysis, is an extension of the neural tissue of the brain. It secretes neurohormones made in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that controls many homeostatic functions.
48
Vasopressin
also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH, acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance in the body.
49
oxytocin
released from the posterior pituitary controls the ejection of milk during breast-feeding and contractions of the uterus during labor and delivery.
50
trophic hormones
hormones that control the secretion of other hormones
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somatostatin (SS) (hypothalamic)
also called growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), or in older scientific papers, somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone (SRIH).
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portal system
consists of two sets of capillaries connected in series (one after the other) by a set of small veins
53
prolactin
controls milk production (lactation) in the female breast
54
Growth hormone
also called somatotropin) affects metabolism of many tissues in addition to stimulating hormone production by the liver
55
gonadotropins
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). were originally named for their effects on the ovaries, but both hormones act on the testes as well.
56
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
controls hormone synthesis and secretion in the thyroid gland.
57
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
acts on certain cells of the adrenal cortex to control synthesis and release of the steroid hormone cortisol.
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Negative feedback in complex endocrin pathways
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long-loop negative feedback
the dominant form of feedback In hypothalamic-pituitary pathways where the hormone secreted by the peripheral endocrine gland “feeds back” to suppress secretion of its anterior pituitary and hypothalamic hormones
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short-loop negative feedback
a pituitary hormone feeds back to decrease hormone secretion by the hypothalamus. Prolactin, growth hormone, and ACTH exhibit short-loop negative feedback.
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synergism
two (or more) hormones interact at their targets so that the combination yields a result that is greater than additive (1 +2 \>3) In other words, the combined effect of the two hormones is greater than the sum of the effects of the two hormones individually.
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permissiveness
one hormone cannot fully exert its effects unless a second hormone is present, even though the second hormone has no apparent action (2 + 0 \> 2)
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antagonism
This tendency of one substance to oppose the action of anothe
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competitive inhibitor
When one molecule binds to the receptor but does not activate it, that molecule acts a
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tamoxifen
This type of receptor antagonism has been put to use in the development of pharmaceutical compounds, such as the estrogen receptor antagonist
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functional antagonists
two hormones are considered functional antagonists if they have opposing physiological action
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hypersecretion
If a hormone is present in excessive amounts, the normal effects of the hormone are exaggerated.
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atrophy
The loss of cell mass
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hyposecretion
hormone deficiency occur when too little hormone is secreted. may occur anywhere along the endocrine control pathway, in the hypothalamus, pituitary, or other endocrine glands
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Hyperinsulinemia
hormone secretion is abnormally high for an extended period of time, target cells may down-regulate (decrease the number of) their receptors in an effort to diminish their responsiveness to excess hormone. a classic example of down-regulation in the endocrine system. In this disorder, sustained high levels of insulin in the blood cause target cells to remove insulin receptors from the cell membrane.
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Low TRH Low TSH Too High T3 T4
Primary Hyperthyroidism (graves disease)
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Low TRH Too High TSH Too High T3 & T4
seocondary hyperthyroidsim (tumor
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High TRH High TSH Low T3 & T4
Primary Hypothyroidsism
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High TRH Low TSH Low T3 & T4
Secondary hypothyroidism
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BIO 360 Physiology (1 decks)

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