Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MOD Exam 2 > Ch 7: Neoplasia > Flashcards

Ch 7: Neoplasia Flashcards

(108 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

benign tumors

A

when tumor’s gross and microscopic appearances are considered relatively innocent

likely to remain localized, will not spread to other sites and is amenable to local surgical removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

malignant tumors

A

tumors that can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize) to cause death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

mixed tumors

A

tumors that contain multiple cell types due to divergent differentiation of a single neoplastic clone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

teratoma

A

a tumor that contains recognizable mature and immature cells or tissues belonging to more than one germ cell layer (sometimes all 3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hamartomas

A

disorganized but benign masses composed of cells indigenous to the involved site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

choristoma

A

a heterotopic rest of cells

ex: a small nodule of well-developed and normally organized pancreatic tissue found on the submucosa of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

benign tumor ends in…

A
  • oma

ex: squamous cell papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

malignant tumor ends in…

A
  • sarcoma
  • carcinoma

ex: squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

differentiation

A

the extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble the corresponding normal parenchymal cells both morphologically and functionally

benign tumors are well-differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

anaplasia

A

lack of differentiation

hallmark of malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

morphological changes associated with anaplasia

A 
pleomorphism – variation in size and shape
abnormal nuclear morphology
mitoses 
loss of polarity
areas of ischemic necrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

metaplasia

A

replacement of one type of cell with another type due to tissue damage, repair and regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dysplasia

A

disordered growth

*MAY lead to malignant transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

a pre-invasive lesion that involves the full thickness of the epithelium but does not penetrate the basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

invasive carcinoma

A

tumor cells that have breached the basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

growth characteristic of benign tumors

A

well-differentiated

develop a rim of compressed fibrous tissue called a capsule consisting of extracellular matrix deposited by fibroblasts activated during hypoxic damage (makes benign tumors easier to remove surgically

progressive and slow-growing –may come to a standstill or regress

do not invade or infiltrate surrounding normal tissues

no metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

growth characteristic of malignant tumors

A

anaplastic (lack differentiation)

erratic growth – may be slow or rapid

mitotic figures present

locally invasive

poorly demarcated from the surrounding normal tissue

frequent metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

metastasis

A

the spread of a tumor to sites that are physically discontinuous with the primary tumor

marks a tumor as malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pathways of metastasis spread

A
  1. ) direct seeding of body cavities
  2. ) lymphatic spread *most common
  3. ) hematogenous spread
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sentinel lymph node

A

the first node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from the primary tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hematogenous spread

A

*more likely venous than arterial

tumor cells follow venous drainage flow and come to rest in the first capillary bed they encounter (ex: liver and lung cancers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

environmental factors

A

infectious agents
smoking
reproductive history
environmental carcinogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

arsenic causes which cancer?

A

lung carcinoma

skin carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

asbestos causes which cancer?

A

lung, esophageal, gastric and colon carcinoma

mesothelioma if you or a loved one has been diagnosed with mesothelioma you may be entitled to compensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
benzene causes which cancer?
acute myeloid leukemia
26
beryllium causes which cancer?
lung carcinoma
27
cadmium causes which cancer?
prostate carcinoma
28
chromium causes which cancer?
lung carcinoma
29
nickel causes which cancer?
lung and oropharyngeal carcinoma
30
radon causes which cancer?
lung carcinoma
31
vinyl chloride causes which cancer?
hepatic angiosarcoma
32
how does age contribute to the incidence of cancer?
accumulation of somatic mutations associated with the emergence of malignant neoplasms the decline in immune competence that accompanies aging
33
acquired predisposing conditions that increase the risk of cancer
chronic inflammation precursor lesions immunodeficiency states
34
IBD is associated with which cancer?
colorectal carcinoma
35
Lichen sclerosis is associated with which cancer?
vulvar squamous cell carcinoma
36
pancreatitis is associated with which cancer?
pancreatic carcinoma *alcoholism
37
chronic cholecystitis is associated with which cancer?
gallbladder cancer
38
reflux esophagitis and Barett esophagus are associated with which cancer?
esophageal carcinoma
39
Sjogren syndrome and Hashimoto thyroiditis are associated with which cancer?
MALT lymphoma
40
Opisthorchis and cholangitis are associated with which cancer?
cholangiocarcinoma and colon carcinoma *liver flukes (parasitic infection)
41
Gastritis is associated with which cancer?
gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma *H. pylori infection
42
hepatitis is associated with which cancer?
hepatocellular carcinoma *Hep B or C infection
43
osteomyelitis is associated with which cancer?
carcinoma in draining sinuses *bacterial infection
44
chronic cervicitis is associated with which cancer?
cervical carcinoma *HPV infection
45
chronic cystitis is associated with which cancer?
bladder carcinoma *schistosomiasis (parasitic infection)
46
molecular basis of cancer
nonlethal genetic damage clonal expansion of a single precursor cell mutation in regulatory genes accumulation of complementary mutations
47
driver mutations
the initiating mutation that contributes to the development of the malignant phenotype
48
epigenetic modifications
DNA methylation – silences tumor suppressor genes histone modifications – may dampen or enhance gene expression RNA modifications
49
physiological changes in cancer cells (8)
``` self-sufficiency in growth signals insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals altered cellular metabolism evasion of apoptosis limitless replicative potential (immortality) sustained angiogenesis ability to invade and metastasize ability to evade host immune response ```
50
oncogenes
created by mutations in proto-oncogenes and encode proteins called oncoproteins that have the ability to promote cell growth
51
which signaling pathway is most frequently mutated in human neoplasms?
receptor tyrosine kinase pathway
52
PDGFB
category: PDGF-B chain mode of activation: overexpression associated tumor: astrocytoma
53
HST1
category: fibroblast growth factor mode of activation: overexpression associated tumor: osteosarcoma
54
FGF3
category: fibroblast growth factor mode of activation: amplification associated tumors: stomach cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, melanoma
55
TGFA
category: TGF-a mode of activation: overexpression associated tumor: astrocytoma
56
HGF
category: HGF mode of activation: overexpression associated tumors: hepatocellular carcinoma and thyroid cancer
57
ERBB1 (EGFR)
category: EGF-receptor family mode of activation: mutation associated tumor: lung adenocarcinoma
58
ERBB2 (HER)
category: EGF-receptor family mode of activation: amplification associated tumor: breast cancer
59
ALK
category: ALK receptor (RTK) mode of activation: translocation or point mutation associated tumor: lung adenocarcinoma, lymphomas and neuroblastoma
60
KRAS
category: GTP-binding proteins mode of activation: point mutation associated tumor: colon, lung and pancreatic tumors
61
HRAS
category: GTP-binding proteins mode of activation: point mutation associated tumors: bladder and kidney cancers
62
NRAS
category: GTP-binding proteins mode of activation: point mutation associated tumors: melanomas and hematologic malignancies
63
ABL
category: nonreceptor tyrosine kinase mode of activation: translocation or point mutation associated tumors: CML or ALL
64
BRAF
category: RAS signal transduction mode of activation: point mutation or translocation associated tumors: melanomas, leukemias, colon carcinoma
65
APC
function: inhibit WNT signaling associated tumors: stomach, colon, and pancreas carcinoma and melanoma familial syndromes: familial colonic polyps and carcinomas
66
PTCH
function: inhibit SHH signaling familial syndromes: Gorlin syndrome associated tumors: basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma
67
MYC
category: transcriptional activators mode of activation: translocation associated tumor: Burkitt lymphoma
68
CCND1 (cyclin D1)
category: cyclins mode of activation: translocation or amplification associated tumors: Mantle cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, breast cancer and esophageal cancer
69
CDK4
category: cyclin-dependent kinase mode of activation: amplification or point mutation associated tumors: glioblastoma, melanoma and sarcoma
70
NF1 (Neurofibromin 1)
function: inhibitor of RAS/MAPK signaling familial syndromes: neurofibromatosis 1 associated tumor: neuroblastoma, juvenile myeloid leukemia
71
NF2 (merlin)
function: cytoskeleton stability, Hippo pathway signaling familial syndromes neurofibromatosis 2 associated tumors: schwannoma and meningioma
72
RB
function: inhibitor of G1/S transition familial syndromes: familial retinoblastoma syndrome associated tumor: retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma, breast cancer colon cancer and lung cancer
73
VHL
function: inhibitor of hypoxia-induced transcription factors familial syndromes: von hippel lindau syndrome associated tumors: renal cell carcinoma
74
CDH1 (E-cadherin)
function: cell adhesion and inhibition of cell motility familial syndrome: familial gastric cancer associated tumors: gastric carcinoma and lobular breast cancer
75
TP53
function: cell cycle arrest and apoptosis familial syndrome: Li-Fraumeni syndrome associated tumors: basically all cancers
76
BRCA1 and BRCA2
function: repair of double-stranded breaks in DNA | familial syndrome: breast and ovarian cancer
77
MSH
function: DNA mismatch repair familial syndromes: hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer associated tumors: colonic and endometrial cancer
78
WT1
function: transcription factor familial syndromes: familial Wilms tumor associated tumors: Wilms tumor and certain leukemias
79
mechanisms by which tumor cells evade the immune system
selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants loss or reduced expression of MCH molecules activation of immunoregulatory pathways secretion of immunosuppressive factors induction of Tregs
80
PD-1
checkpoint protein on T cells that prevents attacking other cells in the body certain cancer cells have large amounts of PD-L1 which allows them to evade immune attack
81
PD-1 inhibitors
Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) Nivolumab (Opdivo) Cemiplimab (Libtaypo)
82
PD-L1 inhibitors
Atezolizumab (Tecentriq) Avelumab (Bavencio) Durvalumab (Imfinzi)
83
CTLA-4 (CD152)
protein receptor on T cells that functions as an immune checkpoint to downregulate the immune response – cancers are known to upregulate their expression
84
CTLA-4 inhibitor
ipilimumab (yervoy) *monoclonal ab that attaches to CTLA-4
85
PDE4
major enzyme that degrades cAMP | *indicated in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis
86
DNMT3A
function: DNA methylation tumor: AML
87
MLL1
function: histone methylation tumor: acute leukemia in infants
88
MLL2
function: histone methylation tumor: follicular lymphoma
89
CREBBP/EP300
function: histone acetylation tumor: diffuse large B cell lymphoma
90
ARID1A
function: nucleosome positioning/chromatin remodeling tumor: ovarian clear cell carcinoma and endometrial cancer
91
SNF5
function: nucleosome position/chromatin remodeling tumor: malignant rhabdoid tumor
92
PBRM1
function: nucleosome positioning/chromatin remodeling tumor: renal carcinoma
93
HCG is associated with which cancers?
trophoblastic tumors | nonseminomatous testicular tumors
94
calcitonin is associated with which cancer?
medullary carcinoma of thyroid
95
catecholamine and metabolites are associated with which cancers?
pheochromocytoma
96
a-fetoprotein is associated with which cancers?
liver cell cancer | nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of testis
97
carcinoembryonic antigen is associated with which cancers?
``` colon cancer pancreatic cancer lung cancer stomach cancer heart cancer ```
98
prostatic acid phosphatase is associated with which cancers?
prostate cancer
99
neuron-specific enolase is associated with which cancers/
small-cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma
100
prostate specific antigen is associated with which cancer?
prostate cancer
101
CA-125 is associated with which cancer?
ovarian cancer
102
CA-19-9 is associated with which cancer?
colon cancer and pancreatic cancer
103
CA-15-3 is associated with which cancer?
breast cancer
104
CML translocation
(9;22) (34;11) *genes: ABL 9q34 and BCR 22q11
105
AML translocations
(8;21) (22;22) | 15;17) (22;21
106
Burkitt Lymphoma translocation
(8;14) (24;32)
107
Mantle cell lymphoma translocation
(11;14) (13;32)
108
Follicular lymphoma translocation
(14;18 (32;21)

MOD Exam 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions