ch 7 pt 1

Question 1

process by which DNA is copied into RNA

Answer 1

transcription

Question 2

process of using RNA to make protein

Answer 2

translation

Question 3

RNA splicing

Answer 3

a process in eukaryotic cells in which segments of an RNA transcript are removed and the remaining segments stitched back together before the RNA is translated into a protein

Question 4

how does RNA differ from DNA

Answer 4

1. contains the sugar ribose (not deoxyribose)
2. contains uracil instead of thymine

Question 5

what is the RNA chain produced by transcription called

Answer 5

the RNA transcript

Question 6

most mature RNA are no more than

Answer 6

a few thousand nucleotides (DNA has 250 million)

Question 7

what does RNA polymerase do

Answer 7

catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds that link the nucleotides together and form the phosphate sugar backbone of the RNA chain

Question 8

understand

Answer 8

okay

Question 9

what do RNA polymerases not need that DNA polymerases do

Answer 9

primer and helicase

Question 10

what is a messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 10

the RNA molecules encoded by genes that specify the amino acid sequences of proteins

Question 11

what do ribosomal RNA (rRNA) do (PROKARYOTES)

Answer 11

form the core of the ribosomes structure and catalyze protein synthesis

Question 12

what do micro RNA (miRNA) do (PROKARYOTES)

Answer 12

regulate gene expression

Question 13

what do transfer RNA (tRNA) do (PROKARYOTES)

Answer 13

serve as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis

Question 14

what do other noncoding RNA do (PROKARYOTES)

Answer 14

they are used in RNA splicing, gene regulation, telomere maintenance, etc

Question 15

where does transcription of DNA to RNA begin and end (PROKARYOTES)

Answer 15

they begin at promoters and end at terminators

Question 16

the coding strand of DNA is complimentary to the

Answer 16

RNA strand being made

Question 17

RNA polymerase can synthesize RNA

Answer 17

de novo

Question 18

what is a sigma factor (PROKARYOTES)

Answer 18

a sigma factor is smth attached to the RNA polymerase, it finds and binds to the promoter sequences, it rebinds to RNA polymerase after it reaches the terminal sequences

Question 19

promoter sequences contain a lot of what

Answer 19

Adenine and Thymine

Question 20

understand

Answer 20

okay

Question 21

terminal sequences contain a lot of what

Answer 21

cytosine and guanine

Question 22

what is the start site number (PROKARYOTES)

Answer 22

+1

Question 23

what are the promoter sequences numbers (PROKARYOTES)

Answer 23

-10, -35

Question 24

understand

Answer 24

okay

Question 25

what determines which strand is the template strand (PROKARYOTES)

Answer 25

the polarity of promoter sequences

Question 26

what genes does RNA polymerase I transcribe (EUKARYOTES)

Answer 26

most rRNA genes

Question 27

what genes does RNA polymerase II transcribe (EUKARYOTES)

Answer 27

all protein-coding genes, miRNA genes, plus genes for other noncoding RNA (ex: splicesome)

Question 28

what genes does RNA polymerase III transcribe (EUKARYOTES)

Answer 28

tRNA genes, 5S are RNA gene, genes for many other small RNAs

Question 29

how does eukaryotic RNA polymerase differ from bacterial RNA polymerase

Answer 29

1. there are three kinds of eukaryotic RNA polymerase 2. eukaryotic RNA polymerase can initiate transcription on its own 3 eukaryotic RNA polymerase must pack DNA into nucleosomes

Question 30

understand

Answer 30

okay

Question 31

what is the general transcription factor for the tata box at -30

Answer 31

TBP (subunit of TFIID)

Question 32

three steps to processing mRNA

Answer 32

1. methylated guanine nucleotide is added to the 5’ end of the molecule; 5’ cap 2. polyadenylation adds adenine nucleotides to the 3’ end of the molecule; 3’ polyAtail 3. noncoding intervening sequences are removed from the coding sequence; introns are removed and exons are spliced together

Question 33

what ads the 5’ cap

Answer 33

a capping enzyme

Question 34

understand

Answer 34

okay

Question 35

the more introns a gene has

Answer 35

the more chance for it to be mutated because it has to splice each one out

Question 36

what are the loops that introns form before they are spliced called

Answer 36

latiats

Question 37

understand

Answer 37

okay

Question 38

understand

Answer 38

okay

Question 39

what is alternative splicing

Answer 39

splicing in different ways to create different proteins

Question 40

what signals the beginning and end of an intron that needs to be spliced

Answer 40

GU at the 5’ end and AG at the 3’ end

Question 41

understand

Answer 41

okay

Question 42

how do ribosomes and mRNA travel from nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation

Answer 42

nuclear pores