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Deleted decks > Ch 7 pt 1 > Flashcards

Ch 7 pt 1 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

neoplasm

A

new growth

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2
Q

tumor- definition

A

neoplasm

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3
Q

clonal

A

neoplasms arise from a single cell

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4
Q

tumors- 2 basic components

A

neoplastic cells that constitute the tumor parenchyma, reactive stroma made up of CT BVs, and cells of immune system

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5
Q

desmoplasia

A

parenchymal cells stim the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma, some are scirrhous- stony hard

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6
Q

benign tumors- named by

A

oma

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7
Q

fibroma

A

benign tumor arising in fibrous tissue

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8
Q

chondroma

A

benign cartilaginous tumor

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9
Q

adenoma

A

benign epit neoplasms derived from glands

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10
Q

papilloma

A

benign epit neoplasms- produce fingerlike projections from epit surfaces

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11
Q

cystadenoma

A

form large cystic masses (ovary)

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12
Q

polyp

A

when a neoplasm produces a visible projection above a mucosal surface and projects them into gastric/colonic lumen

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13
Q

malignant tumors

A

sarcomas, carcinomas

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14
Q

sarcoma

A

in solid mesenchymal cells

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15
Q

leukemia

A

arises from blood-forming cells

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16
Q

lymphoma

A

tumors of lymphocytes or their precursors

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17
Q

carcinomas

A

of epit origin, derived from any of the 3 germ layers—squamous cell carcinoma, -adenocarcinoma (neoplastic epit cells grow in a glandular pattern)

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18
Q

mixed tumor- ex

A

cells from a single germ layer; mixed tumor of salivary gland- pleomorphic adenoma

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19
Q

teratoma- ex

A

more than 2 germ layer—ovarian cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst)

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20
Q

2 general components of tissue

A

parenchyma (neoplastic cellular component), and stroma (tissue skeleton- generally not neoplastic)

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21
Q

atypia- means what?

A

lacks differentiation

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22
Q

differentiation- means what?

A

the extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble the corresponding normal parenchymal cells

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23
Q

2 major determinants of differentiation

A

neoplastic cells nuclei and cytoplasm and architectural relationship of the neoplastic cells to other neoplastic cells and non-neoplastic stroma

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24
Q

which tumors are well-differentiated? ex?

A

benign tumors–lipoma- neoplastic cell in a tumor of benign adipocytes- resembles normal adipocytes

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25
less diff malignant neoplasm- means what?
more aggressive its biologic behavior
26
well differentiated benign tumors
leiomyoma, thyroid adenoma
27
leiomyoma
benign, well diff tumor- of myometrium--neoplastic smooth m cells identical to normal smooth m cells
28
leiomyosrcoma
malignant tumor of myometrium -large, poorly demarcated, -poorly diff, -locally invasive, metastatic
29
malignant neoplasms- graded by degree of cell diff and tissue organization, -undifferentitaed- anaplasia
well differentiated, -moderately diff, -poorly diff
30
anaplastic
malignant neoplasms that are composed of poorly diff cells
31
morphologic changes of malignant neoplasms
pleomorphism, abnormal nuclear morphology (large nuclei, chromatin- hyperchromatic), -mitoses (atypical, bizarre mitotic figures), loss of polarity, -other changes- blood supply required- necrosis in center
32
metaplasia
replacement of 1 type of cell with another type
33
dysplasia
disordered growth, in epit- loss of uniformity of the individual cells and loss in their architectural orientation
34
carcinoma in situ
preinvasive neoplasm, dysplastic changes- involve the thickness of the epit but the lesion doesnt penetrate the basement membrane
35
capsule- in what?
benign tumors, -rim of compressed tumors, -makes the tumor discrete, readily palpable, movable, and easily excisable by surgical enucleation
36
most reliable features that diff cancers from benign tumors
1- metastases, 2- invasion
37
metastasis
spread of tumor to sites that are physically discontinuous with the primary tumor; marks the tumor as malignant
38
some malignant tumors metastasize infrequently- ex
gliomas, -basal cell carcinomas of skin, -both cancers invade early but rarely metastasize!
39
likelihood of primary tumor metastasization
lack of diff -aggressive local invasion -rapid growth -large size
40
dissemination of cancers- 3 pathways
seeding of body cavities and surfaces -lymphatic spread -hematogenous spread (blood)
41
pseduomyxoma peritonei
gelatinous neoplastic mass that fills the peritoneal cavity when appendiceal carcinomas or ovarian carcinomas secrete mucus
42
most common pathway for the initial dissemination of carcinomas
lymphatics
43
sentinel LN
the first LN in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from the primary tumor
44
hematogenous spread- most frequently involved?
veins!- tumors come to rest at first capillary bed -liver and lungs
45
breast carcinoma- spreads to?
bone
46
bronchogenic carcinomas- involve?
adrenals and brain
47
neuroblastomas- spreads to?
liver and bone
48
rarely the site of secondary deposits
skeletal m's and spleen
49
benign and malignant tumors- can be distinguished by?
degree of diff rate of growth, local invasiveness,distant spread
50
benign tumors- diff, rate of growth, local invasion, metastasis
well differentiated- structure typical of tissue of origin, slow rate of growth, well-demarcated masses that dont invade surrounding tissues- have a capsule, metastasis absent
51
malignant tumors- diff, rate of growth, local invasion, metastasis
lack diff (anaplasia); structure atypical, -erratic, slow to rapid; mitotic figures numerous and abnormal, -locally invasive- infiltrates surrounding tissue, -metastases- frequent- more likely with large undiff primary tumors
52
most common tumors in adults
tumors of epit origin- carcinomas
53
most common tumors in men
prostate, lung, colon/rectum
54
most common cancers in the developing world
in men- lung, stomach, liver; in women- breast, cervix lung
55
most common tumors in women
breast, lung, colon/rectum
56
dominant risk factors for most cancers
environmental influences
57
most carcinomas- at what age
>55 yrs
58
cancer is main cause of death- what age
women- 40-79, men 60-79
59
most common tumors in children
acute leukemia, -neoplasms of CNS
60
acquired predisposing conditions
chronic infl -precursor lesions -immunodeficiency states
61
tumors arising in context of chronic infl
most carcinomas -also mesotheliomas and lymphomas
62
immuno def states
virus-induced cancers
63
precursor lesions
chronic infl- recognized by metaplasia- barrett esophagus, squamous metaplasia, colonic metaplasia; -noninfl hyperplasia- endometrial hyperplasia, leukoplakia; -benign neoplasms at risk for malignant transformations
64
most common general category of cancer in adults
carcinomas (but extremely rare in children)
65
sporadic malignatn neoplasms- % of cancers in US?
95%
66
early on- all the cells in a tumor are what?
genetically identical; progeny of a single founding transformed cell
67
tumor evolution
the mutation constituency tends to vary from the original site and even varies between metastatic sites or locales
68
by the time a tumor comes to clinical attention-
how gone thru a minimum of 30 cell doublings

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