Ch. 7 The Skeleton Flashcards
(245 cards)
1
Q
What percentage of body mass does the skeletal system account for?
A
20%
2
Q
What are the main components of the skeletal system?
A
Bones, cartilages, joints, and ligaments
3
Q
Which part of the skeleton allows for mobility?
A
Appendicular skeleton
4
Q
What is the origin of the word ‘skeleton’?
A
Greek word meaning ‘dried-up body’ or ‘mummy’
5
Q
What does the thoracic cage consist of?
A
Bones of the chest
6
Q
What bones form the pectoral girdle?
A
Clavicle and scapula
7
Q
What are the components of the upper limb?
A
Arm, forearm, and hand
8
Q
What bones contribute to the os coxae?
A
Hip bones
9
Q
What are the components of the lower limb?
A
Thigh, leg, and foot
10
Q
What are the two main parts of the human skeleton?
A
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
11
Q
What is the primary function of the appendicular skeleton?
A
The appendicular skeleton allows mobility.
12
Q
What are the components of the axial skeleton?
A
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
13
Q
What are the components of the appendicular skeleton?
A
The pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb.
14
Q
Skeleton
A
The framework of bones, cartilages, joints, and ligaments that supports and protects the body.
15
Q
What percentage of body mass does the skeletal system account for?
A
About 20% of body mass.
16
Q
What are ligaments?
A
Ligaments are connective tissues that connect bones and reinforce joints.
17
Q
What is the function of joints in the skeletal system?
A
Joints provide for the remarkable mobility of the skeleton.
18
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
The part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, supporting and protecting the central part of the body.
19
Q
Appendicular Skeleton
A
The part of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs, allowing for mobility.
20
Q
How many bones make up the axial skeleton?
A
80
21
Q
Which of the following is NOT a region of the axial skeleton?
A
Pectoral girdle
22
Q
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
A
Supports the head, neck, and trunk
23
Q
Which bones form the thoracic cage?
A
Ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae
24
Q
What does the axial skeleton protect?
A
Brain, spinal cord, and organs in the thorax
25
What are the three major regions of the axial skeleton?
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
26
Which part of the skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body?
The axial skeleton
27
Axial Skeleton
The part of the skeleton that forms the longitudinal axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
28
Thoracic Cage
The part of the axial skeleton formed by the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae.
29
How many cranial bones are in the skull?
8
30
Which bone forms the lower jaw and is connected to the skull by freely movable joints?
Mandible
31
What is the name of the joints that firmly unite the bones of the adult skull?
Sutures
32
Which suture connects the parietal bones to the frontal bone?
Coronal suture
33
What is the function of the cranial bones?
Protect the brain and furnish attachment sites for head and neck muscles
34
What is the cranial vault also known as?
Calvaria
35
Which bones form the superior and lateral aspects of the skull?
Parietal bones
36
What is the name of the large hole at the base of the occipital bone?
Foramen magnum
37
Which bone is known as the keystone of the cranium?
Sphenoid bone
38
What is the function of the ethmoid bone's cribriform plates?
Allow filaments of the olfactory nerves to pass to the brain
39
How many facial bones are in the human skull?
14
40
Cranium
The part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain.
41
Sutures
Interlocking joints that connect the bones of the skull.
42
Name the four major sutures of the skull.
Coronal, sagittal, squamous, and lambdoid sutures.
43
What are the three fossae of the cranial base?
Anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae.
44
Cranial cavity
The space within the skull that houses the brain.
45
What bone forms the forehead?
Frontal bone
46
Which bone forms the posterior aspect and most of the base of the skull?
Occipital bone
47
Foramen magnum
The large opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord connects with the brain.
48
What is the function of the occipital condyles?
They articulate with the first vertebra of the spinal column, allowing nodding movements of the head.
49
Sella turcica
A saddle-shaped prominence on the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland.
50
What is the function of the cribriform plates of the ethmoid bone?
They form the roof of the nasal cavity and allow the passage of olfactory nerves.
51
Crista galli
A triangular process of the ethmoid bone that serves as an attachment point for the dura mater.
52
Which bones form the bridge of the nose?
Nasal bones
53
What is the function of the lacrimal bones?
They form part of the medial walls of the orbits and house the lacrimal sacs for tear drainage.
54
Maxillae
The bones that form the upper jaw and central portion of the facial skeleton.
55
What is the main function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
Preventing hyperextension of the spine
56
What is the shape of the vertebral foramen in lumbar vertebrae?
Triangular
57
What is the primary role of the ligamentum flavum?
Connecting adjacent vertebrae and providing elasticity
58
What is the primary function of the vertebral column?
To transmit the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs, protect the spinal cord, and provide attachment points for ribs and muscles.
59
Cervical Vertebrae
The seven vertebrae at the top of the vertebral column, numbered C1-C7, with a concave curvature.
60
How many vertebrae make up the thoracic curvature?
12 vertebrae, numbered T1-T12.
61
Intervertebral Discs
Cushionlike pads composed of an inner gelatinous nucleus pulposus and a strong collar called the anulus fibrosus, acting as shock absorbers.
62
What are the four curvatures of the vertebral column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curvatures.
63
Ligamentum Flavum
A strong ligament containing elastic connective tissue that connects adjacent vertebrae and stretches as we bend forward.
64
Scoliosis
An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, often occurring in the thoracic region.
65
What is the main characteristic of lumbar vertebrae?
They are massive and kidney-shaped, designed to support greater weight.
66
Kyphosis
A dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature, commonly known as hunchback.
67
What is the role of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
To prevent hyperextension of the spine and support the vertebral column.
68
Lordosis
An accentuated lumbar curvature, often referred to as swayback.
69
Which ribs are known as true ribs?
Ribs 1-7
70
What is the primary function of the thoracic cage?
Protecting vital organs of the thoracic cavity
71
Which part of the sternum articulates with the clavicles?
Manubrium
72
What is the function of the intercostal muscles?
Lifting and depressing the thorax during breathing
73
Which ribs are called floating ribs?
Ribs 11 and 12
74
What is the xiphisternal joint?
The point where the sternal body and xiphoid process fuse
75
Which ribs attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages?
Ribs 1-7
76
What is the jugular notch?
The central indentation in the superior border of the manubrium
77
Which ribs are called vertebrochondral ribs?
Ribs 8-10
78
What is the function of costal cartilages?
They secure the ribs to the sternum.
79
What are the three parts of the sternum?
Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
80
What is the anatomical term for true ribs?
Vertebrosternal ribs
81
What is the jugular notch?
The central indentation in the superior border of the manubrium.
82
What is the sternal angle?
A horizontal ridge where the manubrium joins the sternal body.
83
Manubrium
The superior portion of the sternum, shaped like the knot in a necktie.
84
Xiphoid process
The inferior end of the sternum, a small process that is usually ossified in adults over 40.
85
Intercostal space
The space between ribs occupied by intercostal muscles.
86
True ribs
Ribs 1 through 7 that attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages.
87
False ribs
Ribs 8 through 12 that either attach indirectly to the sternum or lack a sternal attachment.
88
Floating ribs
Ribs 11 and 12 that have no anterior attachments.
89
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the limbs and their girdles
90
What is the function of the pectoral girdles?
Attach the upper limbs to the body trunk
91
What is the primary role of the pelvic girdle?
Secures the lower limbs
92
How many major segments are each limb composed of?
Three
93
What connects the segments of the limbs?
Movable joints
94
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the limbs and their girdles that are appended to the axial skeleton.
95
What is the function of the pectoral girdle?
To attach the upper limbs to the body trunk.
96
What does the pelvic girdle secure?
The lower limbs.
97
How many major segments does each limb have in the appendicular skeleton?
Three major segments.
98
What connects the segments of the limbs in the appendicular skeleton?
Movable joints.
99
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of the limbs and their girdles that are appended to the axial skeleton.
100
Pectoral girdle
The set of bones that attach the upper limbs to the body trunk.
101
Pelvic girdle
The set of bones that secure the lower limbs.
102
What is the function of the clavicles in the pectoral girdle?
They hold the scapulae and arms out laterally
103
What connects the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton?
The articulation of the clavicles to the sternum
104
What is the shape of the scapula?
Triangular
105
Which part of the scapula articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint?
Glenoid cavity
106
What is found on the anterior surface of the scapula?
Subscapular fossa
107
What is the function of the curves in the clavicle?
To ensure it fractures anteriorly to avoid damaging the subclavian artery
108
What is the acromion?
A projection on the scapula that articulates with the clavicle
109
What is the primary function of the pectoral girdle?
To attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs.
110
Which bone marking on the scapula articulates with the clavicle?
The acromion.
111
Clavicle
A slender, S-shaped bone that acts as a brace to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally and transmits compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
112
Scapula
A thin, triangular flat bone that lies on the dorsal surface of the rib cage and forms part of the shoulder girdle.
113
Acromion
A triangular projection on the scapula that articulates with the clavicle to form the acromioclavicular joint.
114
Glenoid cavity
A shallow, pit-shaped cavity on the scapula that articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint.
115
What is the sole bone of the arm?
Humerus
116
Which bone is the medial bone of the forearm?
Ulna
117
Which bone articulates with the scapula at the shoulder?
Humerus
118
Which bone is the lateral bone of the forearm?
Radius
119
What is the name of the bone that forms the palm of the hand?
Metacarpals
120
Which bone is responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus?
Ulna
121
Which bone has the anatomical neck and surgical neck?
Humerus
122
Which bone has the radial tuberosity?
Radius
123
What is the name of the bony part that rests on the table when you lean on your elbows?
Olecranon
124
Which bones form the wrist?
Carpals
125
What is the main function of the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna?
Connecting the radius and ulna along their entire length
126
What is the anatomical term for the thumb?
Pollex
127
What is the name of the condition caused by overuse and inflammation of tendons in the wrist?
Carpal tunnel syndrome
128
Humerus
The sole bone of the arm, articulating with the scapula at the shoulder and with the radius and ulna at the elbow.
129
Olecranon
The bony prominence of the ulna at the elbow, forming the angle of the elbow.
130
Interosseous membrane
A flat, flexible ligament connecting the radius and ulna along their entire length.
131
Carpal bones
Eight marble-sized bones forming the wrist, arranged in two rows of four bones each.
132
Metacarpals
Five long bones forming the palm of the hand, numbered I to V from thumb to little finger.
133
Phalanges
Fourteen miniature long bones forming the fingers, with three in each finger except the thumb, which has two.
134
What are the three bones that make up the hip bone (os coxae)?
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
135
What is the function of the acetabulum?
Receives the head of the femur
136
Which part of the ilium is an important anatomical landmark and easily felt through the skin?
Anterior superior iliac spine
137
Which bone forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone?
Ischium
138
What is the primary function of the ischial tuberosity?
Bears weight when sitting
139
What structure is formed by the bodies of the two pubic bones?
Pubic symphysis
140
Which of the following correctly describes a difference between the female and male pelvis?
The female pubic arch is rounder
141
Which of the following forms the pelvis but is not part of the coxal bones?
Sacrum
142
What are the three bones that make up the hip bone?
The ilium, ischium, and pubis.
143
Os Coxae
Another term for the hip bone, consisting of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
144
What is the main functional difference between the male and female pelvis?
The female pelvis is adapted for childbearing, being wider, shallower, lighter, and rounder.
145
Iliac Crest
The thickened superior margins of the ilium where many muscles attach.
146
What is the significance of the pubic symphysis?
It is the joint where the two pubic bones are joined by a fibrocartilage disc.
147
Pubic Arch
The V-shaped angle formed by the inferior pubic rami, which is broader in females.
148
What is the role of the sacroiliac joint?
It transmits the weight of the body from the spine to the pelvis.
149
What is the primary function of the patella?
Protects the knee joint and improves leverage of thigh muscles
150
Which bone forms the heel of the foot?
Calcaneus
151
Which bone articulates with the tibia at the ankle joint?
Talus
152
What is the weakest part of the femur, often fractured in hip injuries?
Neck
153
What is the function of the medial and lateral condyles of the femur?
Articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint
154
Which bone is known as the shinbone?
Tibia
155
Which bone does not bear weight but helps stabilize the ankle joint?
Fibula
156
How many phalanges are there in each toe except the great toe?
Three
157
Which bone is known as the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body?
Femur
158
Femur
The single bone of the thigh, and the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body.
159
What is the function of the patella?
It protects the knee joint anteriorly and improves the leverage of the thigh muscles acting across the knee.
160
Patella
A triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the tendon that secures the anterior thigh muscles to the tibia.
161
What is the primary function of the tibia?
To receive the weight of the body from the femur and transmit it to the foot.
162
Tibia
The larger and more medial bone of the leg, second only to the femur in size and strength.
163
What is the role of the fibula in the leg?
It helps stabilize the ankle joint but does not bear weight.
164
Fibula
A sticklike bone with slightly expanded ends that articulates with the tibia and helps stabilize the ankle joint.
165
What are the main functions of the foot?
To support body weight and act as a lever to propel the body forward when walking or running.
166
Tarsals
Seven bones that form the posterior half of the foot, including the talus and calcaneus.
167
Which bones form the knee joint?
The lateral and medial condyles of both the femur and tibia.
168
What is the function of the arches of the foot?
To support weight and provide springiness, making walking and running more economical in terms of energy use.
169
What are the unossified remnants of fibrous membranes connecting the skull bones at birth called?
Fontanelles
170
Which fontanelle is palpable for 1½ to 2 years after birth?
Anterior fontanelle
171
What condition involves the failure of the right and left halves of the palate to fuse medially?
Cleft palate
172
At what age does the cranium almost reach adult proportions?
8 to 9 years
173
Which spinal curvatures are well developed at birth?
Thoracic and sacral curvatures
174
What is the term for the condition where the femoral head is partially or completely dislocated in newborns?
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
175
What skeletal changes occur during puberty in females?
The pelvis broadens in preparation for childbearing
176
What happens to the spine as the discs become thinner and less elastic with age?
The risk of disc herniation increases
177
What condition is characterized by the loss of bone mass in the jaws, making them look small and childlike in old age?
Osteoporosis
178
Why are fontanelles important during birth?
They allow the infant’s head to be compressed slightly during birth and accommodate brain growth.
179
When does the lumbar curvature develop in infants?
When the baby begins to walk, around 12 months.
180
Fontanelle
Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes connecting the skull bones at birth.
181
Cleft palate
A congenital condition where the right and left halves of the palate fail to fuse medially.
182
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
A condition involving partial or complete dislocation of the femoral head and poorly developed acetabulum in newborns.
183
Primary curvatures
The thoracic and sacral curvatures of the spine that are convex posteriorly and present at birth.
184
Lumbar curvature
A secondary curvature of the spine that develops when a baby begins to walk, around 12 months.
185
What is a common congenital defect where the soles of the feet face medially and the toes point inferiorly?
Clubfoot
186
What is the purpose of a laminectomy?
To relieve the symptoms of a ruptured disc
187
What does an orthopedist specialize in?
Restoring lost skeletal system function or repairing damage to bones and joints
188
What is pelvimetry used for?
To determine whether the pelvis is of adequate size for normal delivery of a baby
189
What is spina bifida?
A congenital defect of the vertebral column where one or more vertebral arches are incomplete
190
What is the goal of spinal fusion?
To immobilize and stabilize a specific region of the vertebral column
191
Chiropractor
A specialist who treats diseases by manipulating the vertebral column.
192
Laminectomy
Surgical removal of a vertebral lamina, often to relieve symptoms of a ruptured disc.
193
Pelvimetry
Measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis to determine if it is adequate for normal delivery of a baby.
194
Spinal fusion
A surgical procedure involving the insertion of bone chips to stabilize a specific region of the vertebral column.
195
What are the principal subdivisions of the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
196
What is the primary function of the appendicular skeleton?
Allows mobility for manipulation and locomotion
197
Which bone is the only bone of the thigh?
Femur
198
Which bones form the leg?
Tibia and fibula
199
Which bones are included in the foot?
Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
200
Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia superiorly?
Talus
201
What are the three arches of the foot?
Lateral longitudinal, medial longitudinal, and transverse
202
What are fontanelles and their function?
Soft spots on a baby's skull that allow brain growth and ease birth passage
203
At what age do the head and torso equal the length of the lower limbs?
By the age of 10
204
What changes occur in the female pelvis during puberty?
Changes preparatory for childbirth
205
What happens to the intervertebral discs with old age?
They thin, leading to a gradual loss in height and increased risk of disc herniation
206
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
Serves as an attachment point for tongue and neck muscles
207
How many movable vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
24
208
What are the first seven pairs of ribs called?
True ribs
209
Femur
The only bone of the thigh, with a ball-shaped head that articulates with the acetabulum.
210
Fontanelles
Soft spots on a baby's skull that allow brain growth and ease birth passage.
211
What are the eight cranial bones?
Paired parietal and temporal bones, and single frontal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.
212
Hyoid bone
A bone in the neck that serves as an attachment point for tongue and neck muscles.
213
Pectoral girdle
Consists of the clavicle and scapula, attaching the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
214
What bones form the pelvic girdle?
Two hip bones and the sacrum.
215
What bones make up the arm, forearm, and hand?
The humerus (arm), radius and ulna (forearm), and carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges (hand).
216
Acetabulum
The socket in the hip bone that articulates with the head of the femur.
217
After a hip dislocation and reduction, a nurse would watch the patient carefully for signs of which of these problems?
Sciatic nerve injury
218
When the hip is pushed out of the hip socket, what specific bones and bony structures might have been injured?
Femur and acetabulum
219
If you were asked to rest your hands on your hips, what structure in the pelvic girdle would your hands be resting on?
Iliac crest
220
Name the structures on the femur and the pelvic girdle where the large gluteal muscles of the buttocks attach.
Greater trochanter and iliac crest
221
Closed reduction
A procedure to set a broken bone without surgery by physically manipulating the bone back into place.
222
Sciatic nerve
A major nerve extending from the lower end of the spinal cord down the back of the thigh, and is susceptible to injury during hip dislocation.
223
Acetabulum
The socket in the pelvis that holds the head of the femur, forming the hip joint.
224
Pelvic girdle
Consists of the paired coxal bones and sacrum that attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
225
Superior
Toward the head or upper body regions.
226
Mandible
Lower jawbone; U shaped, largest bone of the face.
227
Skull
Bony protective encasement of the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium; includes cranial and facial bones.
228
Vertebral column
Formed of a number of individual bones called vertebrae and two composite bones (sacrum and coccyx).
229
Fossa
A depression, often an articular surface.
230
Lumbar vertebrae
The five vertebrae of the lumbar region of the vertebral column, commonly called the small of the back.
231
Thorax
That portion of the body trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck.
232
Achilles Tendon
Tendon that attaches the calf muscles to the heelbone (calcaneus); also called the Achilles tendon.
233
Thoracic cage
Bones and costal cartilages that form the framework of the thorax; includes sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae.
234
Acetabulum
Cuplike cavity on lateral surface of the hip bone that receives the femur.
235
Pelvis
(1) Basin-shaped bony structure composed of the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx; (2) funnel-shaped tube within the kidney continuous with the ureter.
236
Axial
Relating to the head, neck, and trunk; one of the two major divisions of the skeleton.
237
Fontanelles
Fibrous membranes at the angles of cranial bones that accommodate brain growth in the fetus and infant.
238
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body.
239
Thoracic vertebrae
The 12 vertebrae that are in the middle part of the vertebral column and articulate with the ribs.
240
Cranium
Bony protective encasement of the brain and organs of hearing and equilibrium
241
Medial
Toward the midline of the body.
242
Sutures
An immovable fibrous joint; with one exception, all bones of the skull are united by sutures.
243
Cervical vertebrae
The seven vertebrae of the vertebral column that are located in the neck.
244
Ramus
Branch of a nerve, artery, vein, or bone.
245
Pectoral girdle
Bones that attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton; includes the clavicle and scapula.
