Ch. 7 - Urinary System Flashcards
from The Language of Medicine, 12th edition (102 cards)
1
Q
arteriole
A
Small artery.
2
Q
calciferol
A
Active form of vitamin D, secreted by the kidney.
3
Q
calyx or calix (plural : calyces or calices)
A
Cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis. The term comes from Greek, kalux meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud.
4
Q
catheter
A
Tube for injecting or removing fluids. A bladder catheter drains urine from the bladder.
5
Q
cortex
A
Outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney (cortical means pertaining to the cortex).
6
Q
creatinine
A
Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. Creatinine is a product of muscle metabolism. Creatinine clearance is a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing (clearing) creatinine from the blood.
7
Q
electrolyte
A
Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Electrolytes are necessary for functioning of muscles and nerves. The kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and water in the blood. Potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) are electrolytes.
8
Q
erythropoietin (EPO)
A
Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells. Poietin means a substance that forms. EPO stimulates red blood cell production by bone marrow and thus increases the amount of oxygen delivered to muscles. This enhances athletic endurance. However, use of EPO is a form of blood doping and is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Authority (WADA).
9
Q
filtration
A
Process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter.
10
Q
glomerular capsule
A
Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. The glomerular capsule is also known as Bowman capsule and collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus.
11
Q
glomerulus (plural : glomeruli)
A
Tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney.
12
Q
Filtration of Blood Through the Kidney
A
This process is maintained by output from the heart (25% of cardiac output goes to the kidneys) and adequate blood pressure to force blood through the glomerulus (filter). About 200 quarts (189 L) of fluid are filtered daily, but 98% to 99% of water and salts are returned to the blood. Only about 2 quarts (1500 mL) of urine are excreted daily.
13
Q
hilum
A
Depression in the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave. Hilum comes from the Latin meaning a small thing. It is also used in the respiratory system to mark the depression in the lung where blood vessels, bronchus, and lymphatic vessels enter and leave.
14
Q
kidney
A
One of two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region. It filters nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream to form urine.
15
Q
meatus
A
Opening or canal.
16
Q
medulla
A
Inner region of an organ. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney. Medullary means pertaining to the medulla. The term comes from the Latin medulla, meaning marrow (inner part).
17
Q
nephron
A
Functional unit of the kidney. It is the combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney. Each nephron is capable of forming urine by itself. There are about 1 million nephrons in a kidney.
18
Q
nitrogenous waste
A
Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine. Examples of nitrogenous wastes are urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
19
Q
potassium (K+)
A
Electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood. Potassium is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses.
20
Q
reabsorption
A
Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream.
21
Q
renal artery
A
Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.
22
Q
renal pelvis
A
Central collecting region in the kidney.
23
Q
renal tubule
A
Microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration.
24
Q
renal vein
A
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart.
25
renin
Enzyme secreted by the kidney. It raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels).
26
sodium (Na+)
Electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys. It is needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions. A common form of sodium is sodium chloride (table salt).
27
trigone
Triangular area in the urinary bladder.
28
urea
Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.
29
ureter
One of the two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
30
urethra
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
31
uric acid
Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine.
32
urinary bladder
Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine.
33
urination (voiding)
Process of expelling urine; also called micturition.
34
cali/o, calic/o
calyx (calix); cup-shaped
e.g. caliectasis ; caliceal
35
cyst/o
urinary bladder
e.g. cystitis = Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage.
e.g.2. cystostomy = An opening is made into the urinary bladder from the outside of the body. A catheter is placed into the bladder for drainage.
36
glomerul/o
glomerulus
e.g. glomerular capsule
37
meat/o
meatus
e.g. meatal stenosis
38
nephr/o
kidney
e.g. nephroptosis = Downward displacement or dropping of a kidney when its anatomic supports are weakened. Nephropexy (-pexy means fixation) is an operation to put a “floating” kidney in place.
e.g.2. nephrolithotomy = Incision (percutaneous) into the kidney to remove a stone.
e.g. 3 hydronephrosis = Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi, compression of the ureter by tumor, or hyperplasia of the prostate gland at the base of the bladder in males.
e.g.4 nephrostomy = Surgical opening to the outside of the body (from the renal pelvis). This is necessary when a ureter becomes obstructed and the obstruction cannot be removed easily. The renal pelvis becomes distended with urine (hydronephrosis), making nephrostomy necessary.
39
pyel/o
renal pelvis
e.g. pyelolithotomy = Removal of a large calculus (stone) contributing to blockage of urine flow and development of infection. The renal pelvis is surgically opened.
40
ren/o
kidney
e.g. renal ischemia
renal colic [Colic is intermittent spasms of pain caused by inflammation and distention of an organ. In renal colic, pain results from calculi in the kidney or ureter.]
41
trigon/o
trigone (region of the bladder)
42
ureter/o
ureter
e.g. ureteroileostomy = After cystectomy, the urologic surgeon forms a pouch from a segment of the ileum, used in place of the bladder to carry urine from ureters out of the body (Figure 7-9). It is an ileal conduit.
43
urethr/o
urethra
e.g. urethral stricture = A stricture is an abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway.
44
vesic/o
urinary bladder
e.g. intravesical
[Do not confuse the term vesical with the term vesicle, which is a small blister on the skin.]
45
albumin/o
albumin (a protein in the blood)
e.g. albuminuria
The suffix -uria means urine condition. This finding can indicate malfunction of the kidney as protein leaks out of damaged glomeruli. Microalbuminuria is leakage of very small amounts of albumin through the glomeruli.
46
azot/o
nitrogen
e.g. azotemia = This toxic condition is characteristic of uremia. It is indicated by an elevated BUN (blood urea nitrogen) test.
47
bacteri/o
bacteria
e.g. bacteriuria = Usually a sign of urinary tract infection (UTI). The bacteria in the urine are cultured (grown in a special nutrient environment) and then tested with antibiotics to determine which will inhibit growth. This is known as culture and sensitivity testing (C&S).
48
dips/o
thirst
e.g. polydipsia = Commonly, a sign of diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. Polydipsia occurs when excessive urination (polyuria) signals the brain to cause thirst.
49
kal/i
potassium
e.g. hyperkalemia
Because potassium (K+) normally is excreted by the kidneys, it accumulates in blood when the kidneys fail.
50
ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)
e.g. ketosis = Often called ketoacidosis, because acids accumulate in the blood and tissues. The breath of a patient with ketosis has a sweet or “fruity” odor. This is produced by acetone (a ketone body) released from the blood in the lungs and exhaled through the mouth.
51
lith/o
stone
e.g. nephrolithiasis = kidney stone
52
natr/o
sodium
e.g. hyponatremia = This condition can occur when water intake is excessive— primary polydipsia, or when athletes drink too much water in high-endurance events.
53
noct/o
night
nocturia = Frequent, excessive urination at night.
54
olig/o
scanty
e.g. oliguria
55
-poietin
substance that forms
e.g. erythropoietin
56
py/o
pus
e.g. pyuria
57
-tripsy
crushing
e.g. lithotripsy
58
ur/o
urine (urea)
uremia = This toxic state results when nitrogenous waste accumulates abnormally in the blood.
enuresis =Literally, a condition (-esis) of being “in urine”; bed-wetting.
diuresis = Di- (from dia-) means complete. Caffeine and alcohol are well-known diuretics —they induce increased excretion of urine (diuresis).
antidiuretic hormone = This hormone from the pituitary gland normally acts on the renal tubules to promote water reabsorption. It is also called vasopressin and is abbreviated ADH.
59
urin/o
urine
urinary incontinence = Incontinence literally means not (in-) able to hold (tin) together (con-). This is loss of control of the passage of urine from the bladder. Stress incontinence occurs with strain on the bladder opening during coughing or sneezing. Urgency incontinence occurs with the inability to hold back urination when feeling the urge to void.
urinary retention = This symptom results when the outflow of urine from the bladder is blocked.
60
-uria
urination; urine condition
dysuria = pain to urinate
anuria = Commonly caused by renal failure or urinary tract obstruction.
hematuria = Microhematuria is hematuria that is visible only under a microscope, as opposed to gross hematuria, which can be seen with the naked eye.
glycosuria = A sign of diabetes mellitus.
polyuria = A symptom of both diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus.
61
Enuresis vs Nocturia
Don’t confuse enuresis, which is involuntary, with nocturia, which is voluntary, frequent urination at night.
62
Urinalysis
an examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements that may indicate various pathologic conditions.
[It is an inexpensive, noninvasive test that provides valuable information not only about the contents of urine, but about diseases affecting the body as a whole. Urinalysis may be done in an office setting with almost instant results.]
63
The following are some of the tests included in a urinalysis: pt.1
Color —Normal urine color is yellow (amber) or straw-colored. A colorless, pale urine indicates a large amount of water in the urine, whereas a smoky-red or brown color of urine indicates the presence of large amounts of blood. Foods such as beets and certain drugs also can produce a red coloration of urine.
Appearance —Normally, urine should be clear. Cloudy or turbid urine indicates a urinary tract infection with pus (pyuria) and bacteria (bacteriuria).
pH —Determination of pH reveals the chemical nature of urine. It indicates to what degree a solution is acid or alkaline (basic) (Figure 7-11). Normal urine has a slightly acidic pH of 6.5. However, in some infections of the bladder, the urine pH may be alkaline, owing to the actions of bacteria in the urine that break down urea and release ammonia (an alkaline substance).
Protein —Small amounts of protein are normally found in the urine but not in sufficient quantity to produce a positive result by ordinary methods of testing. When urinary tests for protein become positive, albumin is usually responsible. Albumin is the major protein in blood plasma. If it is detected in urine (albuminuria), it may indicate a leak in the glomerular membrane, which allows albumin to enter the renal tubule and pass into the urine.
64
The following are some of the tests included in a urinalysis: pt. 2
Glucose —Sugar is not normally found in the urine. In most cases, when it does appear (glycosuria), it indicates diabetes mellitus. In diabetes mellitus, there is excess sugar in the bloodstream (hyperglycemia), which leads to the “spilling over” of sugar into the urine. The renal tubules cannot reabsorb all the sugar that filters out through the glomerular membrane.
Specific gravity —The specific gravity of urine reflects the amounts of wastes, minerals, and solids in the urine. It is a comparison of the density of urine with that of water. The urine of patients with diabetes mellitus has a higher-than-normal specific gravity because of the presence of sugar.
Ketone bodies —Ketones (or acetones, a type of ketone body) are formed when fatty acids are broken down in the liver. Ketones accumulate in blood and urine when the body breaks down fat, instead of sugar, for fuel. Ketonuria occurs in diabetes mellitus when cells deprived of sugar must use up their available fat for energy. In starvation, when sugar is not available, ketonuria and ketosis (ketones in the blood) occur as fat is catabolized abnormally.
Ketones in the blood are dangerous because they increase the acidity of the blood (ketoacidosis). If severe, this may lead to coma (unconsciousness) and death.
Sediment and casts —The presence of abnormal particles in the urine is a sign of a pathologic condition. Such particles, which may settle to the bottom of a urine sample as sediment, may include cells (epithelial, white, or red blood cells), bacteria, crystals, and casts (cylindrical structures of protein often containing cellular elements).
Phenylketonuria (PKU) —This is a rare condition in which a baby is born unable to break down an amino acid, phenylalanine. Resulting high blood levels of phenylalanine (phenylketones are detected in urine) can lead to mental retardation. Although the PKU test originally was performed on urine specimens, now it is done by pricking the newborn’s heel to obtain a small blood sample. If phenylalanine is detected, the infant is fed a diet excluding phenylalanine. Affected children remain on this diet until adulthood.
Bilirubin —A small amount of this pigment substance is present in urine and gives its distinctive yellow color. Bilirubin is a product of red blood cell breakdown, and increased levels in urine (bilirubinuria) are present in patients with liver disease.
65
Microalbuminuria
recognized as the earliest sign of renal involvement in diabetes mellitus.
66
glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney.
This condition can follow a streptococcal infection or can be associated with an autoimmune disease. It results in leaky glomeruli, hematuria, red blood cell casts, albuminuria, and when severe, renal failure and uremia. Drugs may be useful to control inflammation, and dialysis or renal transplantation may be necessary if uremia occurs.
67
interstitial nephritis
Inflammation of connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules.
Connective, supportive tissue lying between the renal tubules is made up of renal interstitial cells. Interstitial cells in any organ are found in addition to the essential, main functional cells, which make up the parenchyma. The parenchyma in the kidney consists of the glomeruli and the renal tubules (nephrons). Acute interstitial nephritis, an increasingly common disorder, may develop after use of NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen) and other drugs. It may be marked by fever, skin rash, and eosinophils in the blood and urine.
68
nephrolithiasis
Kidney stones (renal calculi).
Kidney stones usually are composed of uric acid or calcium salts. Stones often lodge in the ureter or bladder, as well as in the renal pelvis, and may require removal by lithotripsy or surgery.
69
nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine.
Nephrotic syndrome may follow glomerulonephritis or exposure to toxins or certain drugs, immune diseases, and other pathologic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus and cancer. Two important signs of nephrotic syndrome are edema (swelling caused by fluid in tissue spaces) and hypoalbuminemia. Both of these changes are caused by massive leakage of protein into urine.
70
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney.
There are two types of hereditary PKD. One type usually is asymptomatic (without symptoms) until middle age and then is marked by hematuria, urinary tract infections, nephrolithiasis, and renal failure. The other type of PKD occurs in infants or children and results in renal failure. Figure 7-12A shows polycystic kidney disease.
71
pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma.
The parenchyma of an organ is its essential and distinctive tissue. Nephrons make up the renal parenchyma. Bacterial infection in the urinary tract causes collections of pus to form in the kidney, often associated with bacteria spilling into the bloodstream. Urinalysis reveals pyuria. Treatment consists of antibiotics and surgical correction of any obstruction to urine flow.
72
renal cell carcinoma
Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood.
This tumor (see Figure 7-12B) accounts for 2% of all cancers in adults. Hematuria is the primary abnormal finding, and the tumor often metastasizes to bones and lungs. Nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy is the primary treatment.
73
renal failure
Decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function.
A large number of conditions, including high blood pressure, infection, and diabetes, can lead to renal failure, which may be acute (ARF) or chronic (CRF), reversible or progressive, mild or severe. A newer classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) classifies its severity by the level of creatinine clearance and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), ranging from normal (stage 1) to end-stage renal failure or ESRF (stage 5), See Spotlight on CKD stages.
74
renal hypertension
High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease.
Renal hypertension is a type of secondary hypertension (high blood pressure caused by an abnormal condition such as glomerulonephritis). However, the most common type of high blood pressure is essential hypertension, or primary hypertension. In essential hypertension there is no obvious underlying medical condition. Chronic essential hypertension can damage blood vessels, potentially resulting in stroke, myocardial infarction (heart attack), heart failure, or renal failure.
75
Wilms tumor
Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood.
This tumor may be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
76
bladder cancer
Malignant tumor of the urinary bladder.
Bladder cancer occurs more frequently in men (often smokers) and in persons older than 50 years of age, especially industrial workers exposed to dyes and leather-tanning agents. Signs and symptoms include gross (visible to the naked eye) or microscopic hematuria and dysuria. Cystoscopy with biopsy is the most common diagnostic procedure. Staging of the tumor is based on the depth to which the tumor invades the bladder wall and presence of metastasis. Superficial tumors are removed by electrocauterization (burning). Cystectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are treatments for disease that has spread deeply into the bladder wall, to regional lymph nodes, or to distant organs.
77
diabetes insipidus (DI)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH.
In DI, the kidney produces large amounts of dilute urine (polyuria). Lack of ADH prevents water from being reabsorbed into the blood through the renal tubules. Insipidus means tasteless, reflecting very dilute and watery urine, not sweet as in diabetes mellitus. The term diabetes comes from the Greek diabainein, meaning to pass through. Both types of diabetes (insipidus and mellitus) are marked by polyuria and polydipsia.
78
diabetes mellitus (DM)
Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects.
The major signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus are glycosuria, hyperglycemia, polyuria, and polydipsia. Without insulin, sugar cannot leave the bloodstream and is not available to body cells for energy. Sugar remains in the blood (hyperglycemia) and spills over into the urine (glycosuria). Mellitus means sweet, reflecting the content of the urine. The term diabetes, when used alone, refers to diabetes mellitus. See Chapter 18 for more information about diabetes mellitus.
79
Laboratory tests:
BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
Measurement of urea levels in blood.
Normally, the BUN (pronounced be-u-n) level is low because urea is excreted in the urine continuously. However, when the kidney is diseased or fails, the BUN may be very high. Urea accumulates in the blood (uremia), leading to unconsciousness and death.
80
creatinine clearance
Measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney.
This is an important test to assess the functioning of the kidney. A blood sample is drawn and the creatinine concentration in blood is compared with the amount of creatinine excreted in the urine during a fixed time period. If the kidney is not functioning well in its job of clearing creatinine from the blood, the amount of creatinine in the blood will be high relative to the amount in urine. Creatinine clearance is a useful indicator of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which normally is 90 to 120 mL/minute.
81
CT urography
X-ray images obtained using computed tomography (CT) show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney.
CT scanners show multiple views of the kidney, taken with or without contrast material. Two main indications are to detect kidney stones and to evaluate patients with hematuria (Figure 7-13A).
82
KUB (kidneys, ureters, and bladder)
X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
A KUB (prounced k-u-be) study demonstrates the size and location of the kidneys in relation to other organs in the abdominopelvic region. It can also show kidney stones.
83
renal angiography
X-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney.
This procedure helps diagnose obstruction or constriction of blood vessels leading to the kidney. The same changes can be seen on CT and MRI urography.
84
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
X-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder.
This technique is useful in locating urinary stones and obstructions.
85
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
X-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding. See Figure 7-13B.
The bladder is filled with contrast material, followed by fluoroscopy (real-time x-ray imaging). Reflux of contrast into the ureters is abnormal and may occur with recurrent urinary tract infections.
86
ultrasonography
Imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves.
Kidney size, tumors, hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney disease, and ureteral and bladder obstruction can be diagnosed using ultrasound techniques.
87
radioisotope scan
Image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream.
Pictures show the size and shape of the kidney (renal scan) and its functioning (renogram). These studies can indicate narrowing of blood vessels, diagnose obstruction, and determine the individual functioning of each kidney.
88
MRI urography
Changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body.
The patient lies within a cylindrical magnetic resonance machine, and images are made of the pelvic and retroperitoneal regions using magnetic waves. The test shows tumor invasion of blood vessels, lymph nodes, and adjacent tissues.
89
cystoscopy
Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope).
The procedure can be performed in two ways. Flexible cystoscopy uses a thin fiberoptic cystoscope and is used for diagnosis and check-ups of the urinary bladder. Rigid cystoscopy uses a hollow metal tube, passed through the urethra and into the bladder. It is used to take biopsy samples, remove polyps, or perform laser treatments. Both these tests can be done in the office or operating room. See Figure 7-14A and B.
90
dialysis
Process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood.
Dialysis is used to treat acute or chronic renal failure and some cases of drug use. There are two methods:
Hemodialysis (HD) uses an artificial kidney machine that receives wastefilled blood from the patient’s bloodstream, filters it through an artificial porous membrane (dialyzer), and returns the dialyzed blood to the patient’s body (Figure 7-15A). An arteriovenous fistula (communication between an artery and a vein) is created surgically, often in the patient’s arm, to provide easy access for hemodialysis (Figure 7-15B).
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) uses a catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity. Waste materials, such as urea, in the capillaries of the peritoneum pass out of the bloodstream and into the fluid. The fluid (with wastes) is then removed by catheter. When used to treat patients with chronic kidney disease, PD may be performed continuously by the patient without mechanical support (CAPD—continuous ambulatory PD; Figure 7-16) or with the aid of a mechanical apparatus used at night during sleep.
91
lithotripsy
Urinary tract stones are crushed.
The extracorporeal method uses shock waves directed toward the stone from the outside of the body (extra = outside, corpor/o = body). The patient receives light sedation or an anesthetic. Stones pass from the body in urine after the procedure. Abbreviation is ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy).
92
renal angioplasty
Dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries.
A balloon attached to a catheter is inserted into the artery and then inflated to enlarge the vessel diameter. Afterward, stents (metal-mesh tubes) may be inserted to keep the vessel open. This procedure is used to treat renal hypertension and to preserve renal function.
93
renal biopsy
Removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination.
Biopsy may be performed at the time of surgery (open) or through the skin (percutaneous, or closed). When the latter technique is used, the patient lies in the prone position; then, after administration of local anesthesia to the overlying skin and muscles of the back, the physician inserts a biopsy needle down into the kidney. Several specimens are obtained for examination by a pathologist.
94
renal transplantation
Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient.
Patients with renal failure may receive a kidney from a living donor, such as an identical twin (isograft) or other person (allograft), or from a patient at the time of death (cadaver transplant). Best results occur when the donor is closely related to the recipient—98% of transplanted kidneys survive for 1 year or longer (Figure 7-17). See the In Person: Kidney Transplant.
95
urinary catheterization
Passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder.
Catheters are used primarily for short- or long-term drainage of urine. A Foley catheter is an indwelling (left in the bladder) catheter held in place by a balloon inflated with liquid (Figure 7-18).
96
Abbreviation:
ADH
HCO3−
AKI
HD
BUN
antidiuretic hormone vasopressin
bicarbonate—an electrolyte conserved by the kidney
acute kidney (renal) injury
hemodialysis
blood urea nitrogen
97
Abbreviation:
IC
CAPD
IVP
CKD
K+
interstitial cystitis—chronic inflammation of the bladder wall; not caused by bacterial infection and not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
intravenous pyelogram
chronic kidney disease—a condition during which serum creatinine and BUN levels rise, which may result in impairment of all body systems
potassium—an electrolyte
98
Cl−
KUB
CrCl
Na+
CRF
chloride—an electrolyte excreted by the kidney
kidney, ureters, and bladder
creatinine clearance
sodium—an electrolyte
chronic renal failure—progressive loss of kidney function; same as CKD
99
PD
C&S
pH
cysto
PKD
peritoneal dialysis
culture and sensitivity testing—to determine antibiotic effectiveness against bacteria grown from a patient ’ s urine specimen
potential hydrogen; scale to indicate degree of acidity or alkalinity
cystoscopic examination
polycystic kidney disease
100
eGFR
PUL
ESRD
RP
ESWL
estimated glomerular filtration rate
percutaneous ultrasound lithotripsy
end-stage renal disease
retrograde pyelography
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
101
sp gr
UA
UTI
VCUG
specific gravity
urinalysis
urinary tract infection
voiding cystourethrogram
102
CKD Stages
The five stages of CKD reflect increasing severity of kidney disease:
Stage 1: eGFR >90
Stage 2: eGFR 60-90
Stage 3: eGFR 30-60
Stage 4: eGFR 15-30
Stage 5: eGFR <15
