CH 7: Vitamins

Question 1

What are the water soluble Vitamins?

Answer 1

Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Biotin, pantothenic acid, B6, Folate, B12, Vitamin C

Question 2

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 2

A, D, E, K

Question 3

Thiamin (B1) function

Answer 3

• supports appetite & nervous system function
• neccesary for normal release of energy from glucose
• synthesis of neutrotransmitters and metabolism

Question 4

Signs of Thiamin Deficiency

Answer 4

Beriberi
- dry: weakness & nerve degeneratin
- wet: heart changes
Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome: mental confusion, loss of coordination, vision changes, and hallucinations - can lead to coma and death
- most common in those with alcohol addiction
- alcohol impairs absorption and increases loss in urine

Question 5

Food Sources of Thiamin

Answer 5

Whole and enriched grains, pork, seeds, nuts, legume

Question 6

Function of Riboflavin (B2)

Answer 6

• coenzyme in energy and lipid metabolism
• supports normal vision & skin health

Question 7

Signs of Riboflavin defficiency

Answer 7

hypersensitivity to light, reddening of cornea
- if thiamin-deficient at same time. thiamin symptoms are more severe and will mask riboflavin symptoms

Question 8

Sources of Riboflavin

Answer 8

• eat thiamin food
  dairy, grains, dark green veggies, meat

Question 9

Function of Niacin (B3)

Answer 9

• energy metabolism, lipid synthesis and breakdown
• supports skin, nervous system, digestive system

Question 10

Signs of Niacin Deficiency

Answer 10

Pellagra (THREE D’s)
- dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
- Tryptophan is a niacin equivalent

Question 11

Niacin Toxicity

Answer 11

“Niacin flush” - flushing of skin, tingling, red reash, nausea

Question 12

Food Sources of Niacin

Answer 12

meat/fish, grains, peanuts, legumes

Question 13

Function of Biotin

Answer 13

-coenzyme in glucose synthesis & energy & fatty acid metabolism
- some is produced in the intestine

Question 14

Signs of Biotin deficiency

Answer 14

• uncommon but can happen in those with malabsorption or taking certain medications for long periods
• dermatitis, nausea, depression, hallucinations, thinning hair (think biotin products for hair)
• can happen from eating raw eggs

Question 15

Food Sources with Biotin

Answer 15

cooked egg yolks, liver, yogurt, nuts

Question 16

Function of Pantothenic Acid

Answer 16

• energy metabolism & lipid synthesis & breakdown
• modification of hemaglobin: an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds and transports oxygen through the bloodstream to cells

Question 17

Signs of Pantothenic Acid Deficiencies

Answer 17

• fatigue and rash

Question 18

Food sources of Pantothenic Acid

Answer 18

Greek word “from everywhere” - think wide variety of foods
- meat, legumes, whole grains, eggs

Question 19

Function of B6

Answer 19

• coenzyme in protein & amino acid metabolism, hemaglobin (red blood cells), neurotransmitter synthesis

Question 20

Signs of B6 Deficiency

Answer 20

• anemia: reduced amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin
• headache, convulsions, nausea, poor growth

Question 21

B6 Toxicity

Answer 21

Numbness, nerve damage

Question 22

Food sources of B6

Answer 22

meat, legumes, whole grains, seeds

Question 23

Function of Folate

Answer 23

• DNA synthesis, amino acid metabolism, development of embryo during preganancy

Question 24

Signs of Folate Deficiency

Answer 24

• macrocytic anemia: abnormally large blood cells
• neural tube defect: prenantal development abnormaility in brain or spinal cord of fetus
• tongue inflammation, diarrhea, poor growth

Question 25

Food Sources of Folate

Answer 25

- leafy green veggies, legumes, seeds, enriched grains, orange juice

Question 26

Folate Toxicity

Answer 26

masks B12 deficiency

Question 27

Function of B12 (cobalamin)

Answer 27

- coenzyme in folate & homocysteine metabolism; nerve function & maitenance of myelin

Question 28

Signs of B12 Defiencies

Answer 28

- pernicious anemia (macrocytic anemia from lack of intristic factor) - nerve damage - atrophic gastris

Question 29

Food Sources of B12

Answer 29

Animal products - meats, milk, cheese

Question 30

Function of Vitamin C

Answer 30

absorbic acid: - antioxidant in blood - synthesis & maitnance of collagen (most abundant protein in the body) - hormone/ neurotransmitter synthesis

Question 31

Signs of Vitamin C Deficiencies

Answer 31

- scurvy: poor wound healing, bleeding gums, loose teeth, bone fragility, joint pain, hemorrhages

Question 32

Vitamin C Toxicity

Answer 32

GI distress, diarrhea

Question 33

Food Sources of Vitamin C

Answer 33

citrus fruit, broccli, strawbwrries, greens, peppers

Question 34

Function of Vitamin A

Answer 34

- gene expression, vision, health of cornea, reproduction, immune function

Question 35

Vitamin A Deficiencies

Answer 35

- xerophthalmia: nightblindness, dry cornea, eye innfections, dry skin, imapred immune fumction

Question 36

Vitamin A Toxicity

Answer 36

- headache, vommiting, hair loss, liver damage, skin changes, bone pain

Question 37

Food Sources of Vitamin A

Answer 37

- retinol, carotenoids, liver, fish, fortified dairy, fruits/vegtables - THINK: “eating carrots make sight better” → from vitamin A

Question 38

Function of Vitamin D

Answer 38

- Sunshine vitamin: can be made in skin with exposure to UV Gene expression, absorption of calcium & phosphorus, bone maintenance

Question 39

Signs of Vitamin D Deficiencies

Answer 39

- rickets in child (abnormal growth, misshapen bones, bowed legs, soft bones - osteomalacia in adults (weak bones, bone & muscle pain) - Think of the crunchy mom on tiktok whose kid has ricketts

Question 40

Signs of Vitamin D Toxicity

Answer 40

calcium deposits in soft tissues, growth retardation, kidney damage

Question 41

Food Sources of Vitamin D

Answer 41

egg yolk, liver, fish oils, tuna, salmon, fortified milk, sunlight - THINK: sunny D

Question 42

Function of Vitamin E

Answer 42

Antioxidant, protects cell membranes

Question 43

Vitamin E Deficiencies

Answer 43

broken RBC, nerve damage - Hemolytic anemia: red blood cell membranes rupture (premature infants)

Question 44

Vitamin E Toxicity

Answer 44

inhibition of vitamin K activity

Question 45

Function of Vitamin K

Answer 45

Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins & proteins in bone - THINK: when you cut yourself, blood must clot to stop the bleeding —> Vitamin K

Question 46

Signs of Vitamin K Deficiencies

Answer 46

-hemorrhage, reduced bone density

Question 47

Vitamin K Toxicity

Answer 47

anemia, brain damage, liver damage

Question 48

Food Sources of Vitamin K

Answer 48

vegetable oil, leafy greens, synthesis by intestinal bacteria