Ch. 7 Vocab

Question 1

What is reproduction ?

Answer 1

property of life

Question 2

What are clones ?

Answer 2

Offspring genetically identical

Question 3

What is Binary Fission

Answer 3

Parent divides (mitosis) into 2 parts

Question 4

What is Multiple Fission ?

Answer 4

i. Schizogony (schizo = split)
ii. Nucleus divides repeatedly, then cytoplasm
iii. Many daughter cells

Question 5

What is Budding ?

Answer 5

i. Unequal division
ii. Bud = outgrowth of parent
iii. Develops organs, then detaches
iv. Occurs in cnidarians, some other animal phyla

Question 6

What is gemmulation ?

Answer 6

i. Cell aggregation forms new individual
ii. Resistant capsule (gemmule)

Question 7

What is fragmentation?

Answer 7

i. Multicellular animal fragments
ii. Each becomes new animal
iii. Many anemones

Question 8

What is Parthenogenesis?

Answer 8

i. Embryo develops from either 1. Unfertilized egg
2. Egg where male and female nuclei fail to unite
ii. Avoids costs of bringing two sexes together
iii. Narrows diversity - limits possible adaptations
iv. Two basic forms

Question 9

What is Ameiotic parthenogenesis?

Answer 9

i. No meiosis
ii. Egg forms by mitosis

Question 10

What is Meiotic parthenogenesis

Answer 10

i. Meiosis forms haploid ovum
ii. No fusion of male nucleus with female
1. Sperm absent, or present only for egg activation
iii. Diploidy restored by chromosomal duplication or autogamy (rejoining of haploid nuclei)

Question 11

What is Haplodiploidy?

Answer 11

i. Bees, wasps and ants
ii. Queen controls egg fertilization
iii. Fertilized eggs → female workers or queens iv. Unfertilized eggs → drones (parthenogenesis)

Question 12

chromosomal duplication or autogamy?

Answer 12

rejoining of haploid nuclei

Question 13

What is Bisexual Reproduction?

Answer 13

b. Two genetically different parents
c. Generally, organisms are dioecious
i. Separate sexes (male or female)
1. Each has gonads

Question 14

What is Hermaphroditism?

Answer 14

a. Individual has male and female organs (monoecious)
b. Many sessile, burrowing and/or endoparasitic invertebrates
c. Most avoid self-fertilization
i. Exchange gametes
d. Each individual produces eggs
i. Potentially twice as productive as dioecious species

Question 15

What is Sequential hermaphroditism?

Answer 15

1. Genetically programmed sex change 2. Example: clownfish

Question 16

What is Simultaneous hermaphroditism?

Answer 16

1. Having male and female organs at same time
2. Example: earthworms

Question 17

What are somatic cells ?

Answer 17

1. Non-reproductive body cells
2. Differentiate, function and die before or with the animal

Question 18

What are germ cells?

Answer 18

1. Form gametes
2. Continuity between generations

Question 19

What is Oviparous?

Answer 19

(“egg-birth”) animals
i. Lay eggs
ii. Fertilization may be
1. Internal (before eggs are laid)
2. External (after eggs laid)

Question 20

What is Ovoviviparous

Answer 20

. (“egg-live-birth”) animals

i. Retain eggs in body
ii. Nourishment derived mostly from yolk
iii. Fertilization internal

Question 21

What is Viviparous ?

Answer 21

(“live-birth”) animals
i. Eggs develop in oviduct or uterus
ii. Embryos nourished from mother
iii. Young born at advanced stage of development
iv. Fertilization internal

Question 22

What is cloaca?

Answer 22

Multi purpose opening