Ch 8 Flashcards
(65 cards)
What were weapons of mass destruction like during World War II?
The US Canada and UK collaborated to develop nuclear weapons during World War II. They fear that scientists in Germany were also trying to develop nuclear weapons, and the allies dropped atomic bombs in Japan in August 19 45. This attack brought an end to World War II, and since then no government uses these bombs in a war because they recognize that full scale nuclear conflict could terminate human civilization. 
What eight countries have successfully detonated nuclear weapons?
United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, China, India, Paxton, and North Korea. Israel is suspected of possessing nuclear weapons but has not admitted to it.
What is the treaty on the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons? 
1970, sign by 191 countries. Designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology and to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy
Who were the five nuclear weapon states and what was the agreement between them and the other signatories?
United States Soviet Union UK France and China. The other the other signatories agreed not to acquire nuclear weapons and the five states would share their technology for for peaceful purposes and To pursue the ultimate elimination of all nuclear arsenals
What has happened since the treaty went into affect?
Where of where had possessed by the US and Russia has the client sharply and the two countries now have roughly the same amount and 92% of the worlds total. Four states that once had nuclear weapons dismantle them as part of the treaty- South Africa Belarus Kazakhstan and Ukraine
What four countries never signed the treaty and which withdrew?
India, Israel, Pakistan, and South Sudan never signed a treaty. North Korea withdrew in 2003 and is the only country to test nuclear weapons in the 21st-century
Where are suspect states of particular concern to the US clustered in?
Southwest Asia and North Africa
What is going on with Libya‘s production of weapons of mass destruction?
Liby as long time leader bought nuclear tech blueprints from Pakistan and tried to enrich imported uranium into weapons grade material. They gave up their nuclear weapons program 2003 and has cooperated with international inspectors
What is going on with nuclear weapons development in Iraq and how is the US relationship with them?
Saddam Hussein employed chemical weapons against Kurds and Iranians during the 1980s and it invaded Kuwait in 1991, so the US drove them out of Kuwait in operation desert storm. The US won another attack against Iraq in 2003 to depose Saddam Hussain because they believed that Iraq still had weapons of mass distraction and close links with terrorist organizations although most of the countries do not agree. Iraq was punched in to a long running Civil War especially between shites and Sunnis as well as Kurds and Islamic state
What is nuclear weapon development like in Iran and how is the US relationship with them?
1979 Iran’s pro US government was abdicated and the US Embassy was seized. The US and many other countries oppose Iran’s aggressive development of a nuclear program, but Iran claims that it was for civilian purposes. Observers said that it was intended to develop weapons. Trump pulled the US out of the treaty in 2018 because he thought it didn’t do enough to prevent Iran from continuing to pursue in nuclear weapons. Iran another signatories have continue to support the treaty.
What is Syria’s use of weapons of mass destruction like?
The government has repeatedly used chemical weapons in its Civil War and other countries have failed to get it to eliminated stockpile
What were the two economic alliances formed in Europe during the Cold War?
The European Union was formed in 1958 with six members and was signed to heal scars from World War II.. The council for mutual economic assistance was formed in 1949 with six members and 10 members ultimately joint. It was designed to promote trade and sharing of natural resources in communists Eastern Europe and was disbanded in 1991
What Is the European Union like in the 21st-century?
The EU has 28 members and the most recent additions have been former members of COMECON. The main task is to promote development within the member states through economic and political cooperation, anti-European Parliament is elected by the people in each of the member states. Benefits include subsidies provided to farmers and economically depressed regions, movement of goods across borders without stopping, and many citizens of one member state is permitted to work in other states, and retailers can open branches in any member country with supervision only by the home country.
What is the euro zone?
The Eurozone was a dramatic step taken towards integrating Europe’s nation states into a regional organization. The European central bank was given responsibility percent interest rates and minimizing inflation throughout the Eurozone. A common currency called the euro was created beginning in 1999 for electronic transactions and notes and coins been in 2002. 25 countries use the euro including 19 EU members
Why was the Eurozone created?
European leaders thought that every country would be stronger economically if it replaced it’s national currency with the euro And for the first few years that was the case. Economically weaker countries within the eurozone have been forced to implement harsh and unpopular policies and economically strong countries have been forced subsidize the weaker states.
How do many Europeans feel about the eurozone?
Many Europeans do not feel connected to the EU. There is a lot of opposition to you policies especially the one about free movement of citizens among the EU member countries. UK voters voted in 2016 to withdraw from the EU in 2019 which was known as Brexit. Despite the north south tensions, future enlargements are possible. 
What were Europe’s two military alliances? What were they designed to do and what was the goals of each?
NATO is a military alliance among 16th Democratic states in Europe plus the US in Canada and their principal objective was to prevent Soviet Union from overrunning West Germany and other smaller countries. The Warsaw packed was a military agreement among communist eastern European countries. It was disbanded in 1991 following the end of communism in Eastern Europe. They provided the Soviet union with a buffer of allied states between it in Germany to discourage a third German invasion of the Soviet union in the 20th century. These two alliances maintain bipolar balance of power in Europe.
How did Europe‘s military alliances change after Europe was no longer dominated by military confrontation between two blocs?
Or so packed was disbanded in the number of NATO troops with sharply reduced. NATO also expanded its membership to 28 staves by adding the former Warsaw packed countries except for Russia as well as several states that performerly Republic within the Soviet Union. Membership in NATO offered eastern European countries a sense of security against any future Russian threat as well as participation in a common united Europe
What is terrorism?
Terrorism is the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a nonstate actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation
What are three criteria that must be made for an incident to be considered terrorism?
1-The incident must be an intentional result of a conscious calculation on the part of a perpetrator. 2- The incident must entail some level of violence or threat of violence including property damage as well as violence against people. 3- acts of terrorism conducted by one state against another state not included.
Two of these three criteria must also be not in order to be considered an act of terrorism:
1- The violent act was aimed at attaining a political, economic, religious, or social goal
2- The violent act included evidence of an intention to coerce, intimidate, or convey some other message to a larger audience other than immediate victims
3- The violent act was outside the precepts of international humanitarian law
How does terrorism differ from assassination and other acts of political violence?
The term has been applied to actions by groups operating outside of government, although some governments provide military and financial support for terrorists. Attacks are in the ordinary people rather than a military targets or political leaders. Terrorist consider all citizens of a country responsible for government actions and policies that they oppose, so they view citizens as legitimate targets
When did the most dramatic terrorist attack against the US occur? How many died and who was responsible?
September 11, 2001. The twin towers of the world trade center in rock city were destroyed and the Pentagon was damaged. 2977 civilians died. Al-Qaeda was responsible
What happened in the terrorist attack in Lockerbie Scotland in 1988?
A bomb destroyed a flight that was going to New York which killed 243 passengers, 16 crew, and 11 on the ground in the town. A Libyan intelligence officer was convicted, and in 2003 Libya‘s leader pronounce terrorism, excepted responsibility for the Spellman, and paid compensation. The leader, Gaddafi’s Reginae was opposed and ultimately overthrown. He was captured and killed and since then Libya is in a Civil War.
