ch 8

Question 1

what are the factors for infection

Answer 1

communicability
immunogenitcity
infectivity
pathogenicity
mechanism of action
portal of entry
toxigenicity
vilrulence

Question 2

what is communicability

Answer 2

ability to spread from one individual to others and cause disease

Question 3

what is immunogenicity

Answer 3

ability of pathogens to induce an immune response

Question 4

what is infectivity

Answer 4

ability of pathogen to invade and multiple in the host

Question 5

what is pathogenicity

Answer 5

ability of an agent to product disease

Question 6

what is mechanism of action

Answer 6

how the microorganism damages tissue

Question 7

what is portal of entry

Answer 7

route by which a pathogenic microorganism infects the host

Question 8

what is toxigenicity

Answer 8

ability to produce soluble toxin or endotoxins

Question 9

what is virulence

Answer 9

capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease

Question 10

what is hypersensitivity

Answer 10

an exaggerated and harmful immune response

too much immune response

Question 11

what are the 3 categories of hypersensitivity

Answer 11

allergy
autoimmunity
alloimmunity

Question 12

whats allergy

Answer 12

exaggerated immune response to an environmental antigens

Question 13

what are some types of allergies

Answer 13

medicines
pollens
bee stings
infectious agents

Question 14

what is autoimmunity

Answer 14

immune response to self antigens

Question 15

what is alloimmunity

Answer 15

immune response to antigens from another member of the same species

Question 16

what are examples of of alloimmunity

Answer 16

reaction against transfusions, transplanted tissue, fetus during pregnancy

Question 17

what are the 3 mechanisms of hypersensitivity

Answer 17

original exposure to antigen
genetic makeup determines susceptibility
an immunological process boosts response

Question 18

what is type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 18

IgE reactions

Question 19

what are immediate hypersenstivity reactions

Answer 19

allergies

Question 20

what is anaphylaxis

Answer 20

severe form of allergic reaction

Question 21

what is delayed hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 21

poison ivy

Question 22

what is the role of type 1

Answer 22

type of antibody that contributes most to allergic and anaphylactic reactions

Question 23

what is the first exposure mechanism of type 1

Answer 23

allergen stimulates B cells to produce IgE antibodies which bind mast cells near blood vessels

Question 24

what is the re-exposure mechanism of type 1

Answer 24

allergen binds to IgE which causes degranulation mast cell- histamine, triggering inflammation

Question 25

what are clinical indications of type 1

Answer 25

``` skin- flushing hives itching edema respiratory- breathing difficulty cardiovascular- increase HR,BP, GI-cramping, diarrhea nervous system- dizziness, convulsions ```

Question 26

what are evaluations and treatment for type 1

Answer 26

IgE mediated hypersensitivity tests | desensitization-inject small amounts allergen with increasing amounts over time

Question 27

what is type 2 hypersenivity

Answer 27

tissue specific antigens | exist of cells of only some body tissues and immune response affects only organs and tissues that present antigen

Question 28

what are mechanisms of type 2

Answer 28

- activation of complement cascade - clearnace of target cells by macrophages - toxic products produced by neutrophils damage tissue - antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity - antibody binds receptor sites on target cell causing cell to malfunction

Question 29

what is an example of target cell malfunction

Answer 29

graves | hyperthroidism

Question 30

what is type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 30

immune complex mediated reactions | igG

Question 31

what are the mechanisms of type 3

Answer 31

antigen-antibody complex reaction attaches to blood vessel walls which activation compliment leads to tissue damage attracts neutrophils that release large amount of damaging lysosomal enzymes into tissues

Question 32

what are system reactions of type 2

Answer 32

serum sickness- fever enlarged lymph nodes, rash pain

Question 33

what are local reaction to immune complex arthus reaction

Answer 33

edema hemorrhage clotting tissue damage

Question 34

what is raynaud phenomenon

Answer 34

temperature dependent deposition of immune coomplexes in the capillary beds of peripheral circulation

Question 35

what is type 4 hypersenstivity

Answer 35

T cell mediated tissue reaction

Question 36

what is direct cell mediated cytotoxcitiy

Answer 36

CD8 cytotoxic t lymphocytes directly kill antigen presenting target cell

Question 37

what are delayed type hypersensitivity disorders

Answer 37

lymphokine- producting T cells activate other cell that act as APC -TB test 24-72 hours for maximum intensity allergic contact dermatitis - posison ivy, reexposure to previously allergen, latex allergy