CH 8,9,11-13

Question 1

What is moral panic?

Answer 1

Overreaction to deviance believed to be a threat to the moral order.

Example: Satanic panic.

Question 2

Who is Stanley Cohen and what is his contribution to the study of moral panic?

Answer 2

Stanley Cohen (1972): Mods and Rockers.

He identified stages of moral panic.

Question 3

List the stages of moral panic identified by Stanley Cohen.

Answer 3

• Fear
• Moral combination
• Call for punitive measures

Question 4

Who are considered social actors in the context of moral panic?

Answer 4

• Folk devils
• Law enforcers
• Media
• Politicians
• Public

Question 5

What are some causes of moral panic?

Answer 5

• Kernel of truth
• Media magnification
• Politico-moral entrepreneurs
• Institutional/ideological interests
• Cycle of juvenile justice
• Scapegoating
• Selective memory

Question 6

What is an example of a moral panic related to youth?

Answer 6

Super-predators.

John Dilulio’s claims about violent, conscience-less youth.

Question 7

What prediction did John Dilulio make regarding super-predators?

Answer 7

Predicted an increase in violent youth, particularly 50% black.

Actual teen homicides declined since the early 90s.

Question 8

What punitive measures were called for in response to the super-predator panic?

Answer 8

• Children tried as adults
• More life sentences for young offenders

Question 9

What event is associated with the Central Park Five case?

Answer 9

1989 attack on a female jogger.

Involved six male black and Latino youth.

Question 10

What term describes the phenomenon where some behaviors spread like diseases?

Answer 10

Contagion effect.

Includes behaviors like yawning, laughter, and moral panics.

Question 11

Define copycat crime.

Answer 11

Crime portrayed in the media that inspires another crime.

Examples include school shootings and mass shootings.

Question 12

What are the characteristics of copycat offenders?

Answer 12

• Male
• Young
• Mental illness and substance abuse
• Social isolation
• Weak sense of identity
• Extremist beliefs
• Aggression

Question 13

What is the threshold model in the context of copycat crime?

Answer 13

We all have a rioting threshold, a set number of people needed to engage in an act before we do it.

Question 14

What are the two main models of copycat crime?

Answer 14

• Causal model
• Catalyst model

Question 15

What recommendations does the CDC provide to media outlets to reduce copycat crime?

Answer 15

• Avoid representing the event as accomplishment
• Avoid repetitive coverage
• Avoid sensationalistic coverage
• Avoid how-to instructions
• Concentrate on the victims

Question 16

What is the gender gap in youth offending rates?

Answer 16

More common with boys than with girls.

Property crime and violent crime are more common with boys in official records.

Question 17

What is the conclusion from self-reported offending in youth?

Answer 17

Boys and girls commit the same types of offences, but girls commit fewer offences overall.

Question 18

What are common motives for female youth violence?

Answer 18

• Anger (reactive)
• Revenge
• Money

Question 19

What percentage of juvenile sex offenders are female according to official records?

Answer 19

5-10%.

Girls are less likely to be arrested and charged than boys.

Question 20

What factors characterize female youth sex offenders?

Answer 20

• Prior sexual victimization
• Child maltreatment
• Dysfunctional families
• Inadequate social skills
• Mental illness

Question 21

What is the typical male-to-female ratio of adolescent limited offenders?

Answer 21

1.5:1.

Question 22

What are the predictors of gang membership in Canada?

Answer 22

• Low socioeconomic class
• Early drug use
• Delinquency
• Learning disability
• Neighborhood with criminal youth

Question 23

What is the definition of youth gangs?

Answer 23

3 or more members aged 12-24 with a self-identified gang identity engaged in delinquency.

Question 24

What differentiates gangs from organized crime?

Answer 24

• Age
• Profit motive
• Territory
• Branding
• Organization level

Question 25

What is the prevalence of youth gangs in Canada?

Answer 25

Common in Ontario, BC, Quebec. ## Footnote Youth gangs are particularly prevalent in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and BC.

Question 26

What is the nature of gang activity?

Answer 26

Typically involves violent crime and organized crime activities, with drugs being the primary revenue source.

Question 27

What are gang values?

Answer 27

* Reputation * Respect * Retaliation

Question 28

What psychological factors contribute to gang membership?

Answer 28

* Excitement * Prestige * Protection * Money * Sense of belonging * Peer pressure * Lack of alternatives

Question 29

What are Erik Erikson's four outcomes of identity formation during adolescence?

Answer 29

* Identity achievement * Identity diffusion * Identity foreclosure * Negative identity

Question 30

What is the average age of gang members in BC?

Answer 30

Late 20s, but getting younger. ## Footnote Younger gang members are more visible and perform work for older members.

Question 31

What are the four outcomes of Erik Erikson's Identity vs. Role Confusion?

Answer 31

* Identity achievement * Identity diffusion * Identity foreclosure * Negative identity ## Footnote These outcomes reflect how adolescents navigate their identity formation during ages 12-18.

Question 32

What is identity achievement?

Answer 32

Exploring and trying on different identities to figure out who they are ## Footnote This is one of the positive outcomes of identity development.

Question 33

What is identity diffusion?

Answer 33

No exploring, confused or unclear personality ## Footnote This outcome indicates a lack of direction in identity formation.

Question 34

What is identity foreclosure?

Answer 34

No exploring, choosing an identity typically based on parents' identity ## Footnote This outcome suggests conformity to external expectations.

Question 35

What is negative identity?

Answer 35

Identity formed in opposition to something ## Footnote This often reflects rebellion against societal norms.

Question 36

According to Thrasher (1927), what contributes to gang membership among immigrant youth?

Answer 36

Difficult immigrant experience and transition to adulthood ## Footnote Immigrant youth often face challenges that may lead them to join gangs.

Question 37

What does Merton's Strain theory suggest about gang membership?

Answer 37

* Conformity * Innovation * Ritualism * Retreatism * Rebellion ## Footnote This theory explains how individuals adapt to societal pressures regarding goals and means.

Question 38

How does materialism relate to gang membership?

Answer 38

Gang members possess material wealth, attracting others to them ## Footnote The allure of material success can draw individuals into gangs.

Question 39

What are common myths about gangs?

Answer 39

* All gangs are highly cohesive and structured * All have initiation rites * Members are pressured into joining * Getting out is impossible * All gangs are youth gangs * Gang members do not go to school or have jobs * Gangs are a product of American culture * Gang member values equal gang values ## Footnote These myths misrepresent the realities of gang life.

Question 40

What is the purpose of initiation rites in gangs?

Answer 40

* Testing * Controlling * Subordination ## Footnote Initiation rites serve various functions within gang culture.

Question 41

What doesn't work in preventing gang activity?

Answer 41

* Curriculum-based prevention programs * Detached-worker programs * Prosecution and incarceration ## Footnote These methods have been shown to be ineffective in reducing gang membership.

Question 42

What are the three main groups of Indigenous peoples in Canada?

Answer 42

* First Nations * Inuit * Metis ## Footnote These groups represent the diverse Indigenous populations in Canada.

Question 43

What percentage of the Canadian population is Indigenous?

Answer 43

5% ## Footnote Indigenous peoples represent a significant minority in Canada.

Question 44

What is the over-representation of Indigenous peoples in custody compared to non-Indigenous?

Answer 44

2.6% for Indigenous vs 0.3% for non-Indigenous ## Footnote This statistic highlights systemic issues within the criminal justice system.

Question 45

What is Section 38(2) of the YCJA related to?

Answer 45

Indigenous youth ## Footnote This section addresses specific considerations for Indigenous youth within the justice system.

Question 46

What systemic issues contribute to Indigenous over-representation in the criminal justice system?

Answer 46

* Discriminatory outcomes * Poor access to lawyers * Over-policing * Poor police investigations ## Footnote These factors create barriers for Indigenous individuals in the justice system.

Question 47

What socio-economic disadvantages do Indigenous peoples face?

Answer 47

* Higher unemployment * Lower educational levels * Lower income * Higher number living in low income status ## Footnote These disadvantages contribute to higher offending rates.

Question 48

What demographic factors influence Indigenous offending rates?

Answer 48

* Age * Single-parent households * Crowded households * Substance abuse * High crime neighborhoods ## Footnote These factors can lead to increased crime rates among Indigenous populations.

Question 49

What legacy of colonialism affects Indigenous communities?

Answer 49

* Reports of abuse * Homicides by those meant to protect * Starlight tours ## Footnote These historical injustices have lasting impacts on Indigenous peoples.

Question 50

What percentage of gang members are Indigenous youth?

Answer 50

22% ## Footnote Indigenous youth represent a significant portion of gang membership.

Question 51

What are some examples of Indigenous gangs in Canada?

Answer 51

* Redd Alert * Indian Posse * Manitoba Warriors * Native Syndicate ## Footnote These gangs vary in organization and influence.

Question 52

What treatment programs work for Indigenous youth?

Answer 52

* Culturally relevant programs * Restorative justice * Early intervention ## Footnote These approaches have shown positive outcomes for Indigenous youth.

Question 53

What are the characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)?

Answer 53

* Growth retardation * Craniofacial abnormalities * Central nervous system dysfunction ## Footnote FASD can have significant impacts on cognitive and physical development.

Question 54

What is the Housing First approach?

Answer 54

* Free housing with no strings attached * Client choice on services * Rehabilitation and equality between client and carer * Integration with society ## Footnote This model has been effective in reducing homelessness.