ch 8-9 continued

Question 1

A graphic means of representing a categorical claim or categorical syllogism by assigning classes to overlapping circles is called a

Answer 1

Venn Diagram

Question 2

Venn diagrams exactly represent the ______.

Answer 2

four standard-form categorical claim types

Question 3

In Venn diagrams the circles represent what?

Answer 3

the classes named by the terms

Question 4

Colored areas in Venn diagrams represent what?

Answer 4

areas that are empty

Question 5

Areas containing X’s in Ven diagrams represent?

Answer 5

areas that are not empty-that contain at least one item

Question 6

An area in a Venn diagram that is blank is one that

Answer 6

the claim says nothing about; it may be occupied or empty

Question 7

A claim that INCLUDES one class or part of one class within another are _______.

Answer 7

Affirmative Claims

Question 8

A claim that EXCLUDES one class or part of one class from another are _______.

Answer 8

Negative Claims

Question 9

A- and I-Claims are examples of what claims

Answer 9

Affirmative

Question 10

E- and O-Claims are examples of what claims

Answer 10

Negative

Question 11

The main idea of ________ is to take an ordinary claim and turn it into a standard-form categorical claim that is exactly equivalent.

Answer 11

Translation into Standard-Form

Question 12

We’ll say that two claims are _______ ______ if and only if they would be true in all and exactly the same circumstances-that is under no circumstances could one of them be true and the other false.

Answer 12

Equivalent claims

basically they are saying the same things

Question 13

Every X is a Y translates to

Answer 13

A-Claim: All X’s are Y’s

Question 14

Minors are not eligible translates into

Answer 14

E-Claim: No minors are eligible people

Question 15

We translate: “ There were creatures weighing more than four tons that lived in North America” to

Answer 15

I-Claim: Some creatures that lived in North America are creatures that weighed more than four tons

Question 16

When looking at a claim you do two things first

Answer 16

1. identify the terms
2. identify whether its an A-E-I-O-Claim think carefully about what relation between classes is being expressed and then decide how that relation can be turned into standard form.

Question 17

identify the terms and what type of claim this is:

“Only sophomores are eligible candidates”

Answer 17

Terms: Sophomores and eligible candidates
A-Claim: but there are two possibilities
-All sophomores are eligible candidates
-All eligible candidates are sophomores<—–this best represents

Question 18

All claims that are “Only X’s are Y’s” should be translated as

Answer 18

All Y’s are X’s

Question 19

What word plays a crucial role in claims making us treat the claims differently

Answer 19

only

Question 20

With the claim, “The only people admitted are people over twenty-one” what is the subject class?

Answer 20

In this case a restriction is being put on the class of people admitted we’re saying that nobody else is admitted except those over 21. Therefore PEOPLE ADMITTED is the subject class

Question 21

The only people admitted are people over 21 is translated to

Answer 21

All people admitted are people over 21

Question 22

All claims of the sort, “The only X’s are Y’s” should be translated

Answer 22

All X’s are Y’s

Question 23

The word ONLY used by itself introduces the _____ ___ of an A-Claim

Answer 23

predicate term

Question 24

The phrase THE ONLY introduces _____ ___ of an A-Claim

Answer 24

subject term

Question 25

Only matinees are half-price shows translates to

Answer 25

All half-price shows are matinees

Question 26

Matinees are the only half-price shows translates to

Answer 26

All half-price shows are matinees

Question 27

"I always get nervous whenever I take a logic exam." What is the claim

Answer 27

The claim is about times.

Question 28

I always get nervous whenever I take a logic exam translates to

Answer 28

All times I take logic exams are times I get nervous

Question 29

Whenever is a word that indicates

Answer 29

that you are talking about times or occasions as well as that you'll have an A-or E-Claim

Question 30

Whenever can indicate times or occasions as well as ___

Answer 30

places

Question 31

"He makes trouble wherever he goes" translates to

Answer 31

All places he goes are places he makes trouble

Question 32

Categorical claims are always about ___ classes

Answer 32

two

Question 33

Why is "Aristotle is a logician" hard to translate into standard form?

Answer 33

Because this claim specifies logicians as a class and aristotle as part of that class but categorical claims are always about two classes and aristotle isn't a class. (we certainly don't talk about some of aristotle being a logician).

Question 34

Translate "Aristotle is a logician"

Answer 34

All people identical with Aristotle are logicians

Question 35

Claims about single individuals should be treated as ___-claims or ___-claims

Answer 35

A-Claims or E-Claims

Question 36

People aren't the only things that crop up in individual claims. What else does

Answer 36

objects, occasions, places, and other kinds of things.

Question 37

Other claims that cause translation difficulty contain what are called ____ ___

Answer 37

mass nouns

Question 38

Boiled okra is too ugly to eat- can be translated to

Answer 38

All examples of boiled okra are things that are too ugly to eat

Question 39

If the claim "Socrates is Italian" is false, then, providing there is such a person as Socrates the claim "Socrates is not Italian" is

Answer 39

true

Question 40

A false A implies a true E and vice versa but only when

Answer 40

the claims are individual claims being treated as A- and E-Claims

Question 41

Translate: Every salamander is a lizard

Answer 41

A-claim: All salamanders are lizards

Question 42

Translate: Not every lizard is a salamander

Answer 42

O-claim: Some lizards are not salamanders

Question 43

Translate: Only reptiles can be lizards

Answer 43

A-Claim: All lizards are reptiles

Question 44

Translate: Snakes are the only members of the suborder Ophidia

Answer 44

A-Claim: All members of the suborder Ophidia are snakes

Question 45

Two categorical claims ___ to each other if they have the same subject term and the same predicate term

Answer 45

correspond

Question 46

A table of the logical relationships between two categorical claims that have the same subject and predicate terms.

Answer 46

square of opposition

Question 47

The A-and E-claims across the top of the square from each other can both be false, but they cannot both be true which makes them ___ claims

Answer 47

contrary claims

Question 48

The I- and O-claims across the bottom of the square from each other can both be true, but they cannot both be false which makes them ___ claims.

Answer 48

subcontrary claims

Question 49

The A-and O-claims and the E-and I-claims which are at opposite diagonal corners from each other are ___ ___ because they never have the same truth values.

Answer 49

contradictory claims