Ch. 8 - Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

Question

Define/differentiate functional differences between each of the following white blood cells of the specific immune response. Treg

Answer 1

Secretes IL-35 and TGF Beta both decreases Th1 and Th2 activity Involved in providing peripheral tolerance ex) suppresses recognition of forbidden clones of B or T lymphocytes from responding against self antigens Role is to control and limit immune response to self tissues --> as we age we develop more antibodies against our own tissues; Treg protection is probably slowly losing its effectiveness

Answer 2

These are what allow our body to have a secondary immune response within 24 hours; will be mosly IgG with a few IgM --> some may class shift into IgA and protect surface

Answer 3

B lymphocytes are capable of becoming either plasma cells or memory B cells. Mature and undergo directed proliferation and differentiation in bone marrow Each B cells only responds to one specific antigen --> when activated becomes a plasma cell --> or memory cells capable of causing a secondary response Present to Th cells in order to accelerate Humoral response

Answer 4

Plasma Cells: antibody secreting Function of antibodies: a) neutralizing bacterial toxins b) agglutination --> facilitates destruction c) neutralizing viruses --> by binding to their binding sites can't bind to target cells d) neutralizing bacteria's ability to damage our cells directly e) Activating complement and inflammation cascade f) opsonization - attracts macrophage and facilitates phagocytosis

Answer 5

Antigen: capable of inducing the formation of components for the immune system Needs to be: a) Sufficiently foreign to the host (not recognized as self) b) Sufficiently large ex) Hapten --> penicillin bound to protein c) Sufficiently complex d) Present in sufficient amounts

Answer 6

Antigen Presenting Cells: a) Dendritic Cells - most effective at presenting antigens to naive Th cells; important in initiating primary response - -> found in most tissue but are abundant in tissue interfacing with the environment - -> phagocytic, then migrate to T cell rich lymphoid tissues to ensure activation of immune response b) Macrophage - next most efficient, critical secondary response c) B-lymphocytes - present to Th cells in order to accelerate humoral response MHC --> glycoproteins found on the surface of all human cells with the exception of RBC's Antigen processing involved combining the MHC complex with an antigen after phagocytosis, then placing the MHC antigen complex on the surface of the presenting cells to signal Th, Tc, and B cells MHC marker (two types) 1. MHC class 1 - generally present endogenous antigens from inside the cells --> often viral infected cells or cancer cells --> Tc cells target these markers 2. MHC class 2 - generally presents exogenous antigens; developing class marker class II go to lysosome where it attaches exogenous antigens from digested microbes --> can be presented to B and T lymphocytes to activate the immune response

Answer 7

1. MHC class 1 - presents endogenous antigens on MHC class 1 marker (its often viral infected cells or cancer cells) --> Tc cells target and destroy 2. MHC class 2 - presents exogenous antigens, goes to lysosome to pick up antigens from digested microbes --> goes to B and T lymphocytes to activate the immune response

Answer 8

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes are capable of being APCs' Most effective are Dendritic Cells!!!

Answer 9

Tolerance: no immune response to a particular antigen, especially self-antigen. the antigen doesn't trigger an immune response. Central tolerance - during development phase of B and T cell clones in the fetus, there was rapid rearrangement of VJ and VDJ genes which produced receptors for the Fab portion of antibodies and Tc cells. If developing T or B cell populations or clones T cell receptor or B cell receptor bind to self antigens, the cells are deleted or caused to undergo apoptosis Peripheral Tolerance - limited number of forbidden clones of either B or T lymphocytes persisted, these are actively suppressed from activating into an immune response by Treg lymphocytes

Answer 10

Fab = heavy and light chains determine 1. binding specificity to antigen 2. binding activates FC portion Fc = crystalline fragment responsible for... 1. Biological functions - -> activation of inflammation - -> activaiton of complement 2. Transport of maternal antibodies across the placenta by trophoblasts

Answer 11

Antibody produced during the primary response!!! Agglutination is very powerful! Complement activation

Answer 12

Major class of secondary response 80-85% of circulating antibodies, most abundant antibody Precipitation, agglutination, complement activation Crosses the placental membrane through trophoblasts; major antibody in placental and fetal blood

Answer 13

Secretory immunoglobin (urinary tract, lungs, mouth, tears, sweat, breast milk) Used to prevent infections and prevents host from being a carrier Preventative antibody prevents bacterial and viral infections Lymphocytes circulate through a different group of lymphoid tissues

Answer 14

with eosinophil it is primary weapon against parasites Fc portion binds to mast cells when locally activated by parasitic antigens, triggers mast cell degranulation unfortunately, inappropriate class switch may activate IgE against allergens, cause of allergic responses by inappropriate mast cell degranulation

Answer 15

Located primarily on the surface of B lymphocytes, functions as one type of B cell receptor other functions are unknown

Answer 16

Immuno-incompetent = B or T cells is immature an unable to recognize foreign antigens and elicit an immune response Immunocompetent = B or T cell is mature and capable of recognizing foreign antigens and eliciting an immune response Transition for B cells occurs in bone marrow Transition for T cells occurs in Thymus

Answer 17

1. Cell mediated immune response (Tc) develops early in gestation and is fully functional at birth 2. Humoral mediated immune response if clearly deficit although a fetus can produce IgM antibodies by 3rd trimester --> at birth baby's ability to produce antibodies, phagocytic activity, activate compliment is clearly deficit --> trophoblasts actively transport IgG antibodies from mother blood across placenta to fetal circulation --> maternal antibodies remain in fetal circulation for up to 5 months --> antibodies in colostrum can only cross for 24 hrs after the baby is born but antibodies present in GI tract provide some protection --> gut and oral IgA protection for nursing mothers

Answer 18

1. Cell mediated immune response develops early in gestation and is fully functional at birth 2. Humoral mediated immune response is not fully functional at birth --> fetus may produce IgM antibodies by 3rd trimester, at birth the baby's ability to produce antibodies, phagocytic activity, and activate complement is clearly deficit 3. Trophoblasts actively transport IgG antibodies from mother blood to fetus 4. Maternal IgG antibodies may remain in fetal circulation for up to 5 months 5. Antibodies in colostrum may only cross for 24 hours after baby is born 6. Gut and oral IgA protection --> provided preventative surface protection if mother breast feeds

Answer 19

The problem with this is the mother will recognize her baby's antigens as foreign and will produce an primary response against it 1. In primary response just IgM antibodies are produces and can't cross the placental barrier Sadly, the secondary immune response will kick in which involved IgG antibodies, these can cross the placental barrier and cause damage and death to fetus

Answer 20

Immuno-incompetent cells maturate in the bone marrow and thymus to form immunocompetent cells capable of eliciting an immune response. As a person ages, the thymus decreases in shape and function, this doesn't decrease T cell numbers but their function There is also a decreased in specific antibody production as a person ages as well as decreased number of circulating memory b cells Autoantibodies increase with age!!

Answer 21

Primary immune response ---> lag time is 5-7 days; primarily IgM Lag time is long because: 1. antigen processing and presentation 2. clonal selection 3. induction of Th cells 4. Th cells interacting with B and T cells 5. Maturation and proliferation of B and T cells 6. Production of antibodies, migration of activated Tc cells to blood There are NO MEMORY CELLS Secondary immune response -> lag time is 24 hrs; primarily IgG with some IgM and potentially class switch to IgA MEMORY CELLS MAKE IT SO LAG TIME IS SHORT

Answer 22

Exudation - movement of plasma and proteins out of vessels --> occurs during acute inflammation Margination - adherence of the WBC's to the capillary endothelial membrane Diapedesis - the WBC squeeze out of vessel to inflammation site Chemotaxis - what causes cells to come to the inflammatory site for neutrophils --> mast cells and complement release chemotaxic properties to draw them to inflammatory site for eosinophils --> mast cells release chemotaxic properties to draw eos to site

Answer 23

Phagosome - what has been phagocytized into the cell and is now contained Phagolysozyme - the fusion of the phagosome with the lysozyme to cause destruction of whatever was phagocytized = digestion

Answer 24

Fever is caused by IL-1 --> targets hypothalamus and increases body temperature - released from macrophages and dendritic cells It raises body temperature to prevent bacterial growth It also prevent iron from being used by bacteria Fever can be detrimental by causing the gram - endotoxins to become more potent leading to human protein denaturing

Answer 25

Lactoferrin is released from neutrophils to prevent uptake of iron in bacteria.

Answer 26

A antitrypsin is produced by the liver and prevents protease damage During immune response, lysis of the phagocyte releases protease and can do a lot of collateral damage, alpha antitrypsin would protect against this lack of a antitrypsin would mean collateral damage

Answer 27

It can become destructive when there is no control over postivie feedback ex) compliment, coagulation cascade, and kinin system The biochemicals of each protein system is so potent that it can be lethal if not confined to tissue with problem.

Answer 28

Look at picture drawn in yellow notebook. Draw it out. 1. Compliment is either activated by antigen antibody complex = classical or bacterial polysaccharides - could also be activate by bacterial carbs which would be lectin pathway 2. Compliment triggers Mast cell degranulation 3. Mast cell degranulation release histamine, cytokines, neutrophil chemotaxic factors, esoinophil chemotaxic factors, leukotrienes, prostaglandin E, VEGF/PDGF, and PAF --> results in increased capillary permeability and vasodilation 4. Neutrophils are first to site due to mast cell release of neutro chemotaxic factor - -> phagocytize to an extent but not near as well as macrophages - -> release monocyte chemotaxic factor 5. Monocytes come and turn into macrophages --> these eat everything and lots of it - -> can fuse into one big super macrophage - --> processes antigens onto MHC 1 marker 6. Eosinophils are brought to sight by eosinophil chemotaxic facter as well as IgE FC portion activated against parasites - -> help to control inflammation - -> biggest protection against parasites 7. Basophils come and turn into mast cells 8. Dendritic cells are also phagocytizing --> critical in primary response --> process antigens on MCH 1 marker 9. Dendritic cells/Macrophages go to lymph nodes and present to Th --> activated Th by releasing IL-1 10. Th cells activated into Th1 and Th2 11. Depending on t cell receptor fit to antigen presentation depends on which response is more dominant 12. Th1 cells release IL2 which activated Tc and NK 13. Th2 releases IL4 and IL6 which activated B lymphocytes to B memory and plasma cells 14. Primary response will mostly secrete IgM antibodies (secondary will be IgM) 15. Tc start killing by injecting perforin and granzymes into any cell that has MHC 1 marker 16. NK cells destroy any cell down regulating MCH 1 marker ex) cancer cells 17. Memory cells are being produces for secondary response which will occur in 24 hr instead of 5-7 days

Ch. 8 - Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

(52 cards)