Ch 8: Memory Flashcards
(51 cards)
Memory
the persistence of learning overtime through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Recall
a measure of memory, in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
Recognition
a measure of memory, in which person identifies items, previously learned, as in a multiple-choice test
Relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
To remember we must: ______________, _______________, and retrieve
encode, store, retrieve
Storage
the process of retaining, and included Information over
Encode
the process of getting information into the memory system for example, by extracting meeting
Retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
Parallel processing
processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
The three stage information processing model
sensory memory
short-term memory
long-term memory
Explicit memory
the retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare.” Also called declarative memory.
Effortful processing
including that requires attention and conscious effort
Automatic processing
unconscious, including of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, end of familiar or well learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings
Implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious collection. Also called non-declarative memory
What information do we process automatically?
Implicit memories include procedural memory for automatic skills such as riding a bike and classically conditioned associations among stimuli
Iconic memory
a fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli
Iconic memory
retention a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image, memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Echoic memory
momentary sensory memory of audit to be; if attention is elsewhere sounds, and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occur
Mnemonic
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Hierarchies
when people develop experience in an area, they often process information in hierarchy, compose a few broad concepts divided, in sub divided into narrow concepts and facts
Spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice heal better long – term retention, then is achieved through math, study or practice
What are the benefits of mass practice or cramming?
It can produce speedy, short-term learning and an insulated feeling of confidence. Those who learn quickly also forget quickly.
Distributed practice produces better ________-__________ recall.
long-term
It is better to spend that extra reviewing time later when you need to remember something.
