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Micro: Exam 2 > Ch. 8 Study Guide > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Study Guide Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Catabolism vs. Anabolism

A

Catabolism: breaks down, releases energy

Anabolism: biosynthesis, uses energy

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2
Q

Are all enzymes proteins?

A

yes

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3
Q

Are protein enzymes always just made out of amino acids?

A

No-sometimes use nonprotein components too

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4
Q

Define Apoenzyme

A

Protein part of enzyme

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5
Q

Define holoenzyme

A

An enzyme complete with its apoenzyme and cofactors

AKA conjugated enzymes

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6
Q

Define inorganic cofactors

A

metal ions (iron, copper, magnesium)

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7
Q

Define organic coenzymes

A

organic molecules- vitamins

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8
Q

If an enzyme has a cofactor, can it work without it?

A

No

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9
Q

How do enzymes lower activation energy?

A

Increase substrate concentration at active site

Properly orient substances

Induced-fit model

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10
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

Redox reactions

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11
Q

Transferase

A

Transfer chemical groups between molecules

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12
Q

Hydrolase

A

Hydrolysis of molecules- break bonds, add water

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13
Q

Lyase

A

Add or remove groups from double-bonded substrates without hydrolysis

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14
Q

Isomerase

A

Change a substrate into its isomeric form

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15
Q

Synthase/Ligase

A

join two molecules with ATP

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16
Q

Where can bacterial enzymes be located?

A

Inside or outside cell, membrane, etc

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17
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Substance resembling the normal substrate competes for the active site

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18
Q

Allosteric inhibition

A

non-substrate molecules bind to the regulatory (allosteric) site and regulate enzymes via negative feedback

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19
Q

Are metabolic pathways always linear?

A

No

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20
Q

Is anabolism exergonic or endergonic?

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A

Endergonic: requires energy

21
Q

In aerobic respiration, is glucose oxidized or reduced?

22
Q

What kinds of work can be done by hydrolyzing ATP?

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A

Chemical, transport, mechanical

23
Q

What is the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

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A

Substrate-level: transfer of phosphate group from a substrate directly to ADP

Oxidative: redox reaction series in respiratory pathway

24
Q

Which process produces the most ATP?

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A

Aerobic respiration: 38

25
Which process produces the least ATP?
Fermentation: max 2
26
Is the final electron acceptor in fermentation organic or inorganic?
Organic compounds
27
What is the input/output out glycolysis?
Input: 1 glucose Output: 2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP
28
What coenzymes are required for glycolysis?
NAD+ for step 6
29
What is the input/output of the Krebs cycle?
Input: Acetyle CoA, water, NAD+, FAD, ADP+P Output: ATP, CO2, FADH2, NAHD, CoA
30
What is the input/output of the ETC?
Input: NADH, FADH2, Oxygen Output: Protons, water, ATP
31
What is required for step 6 of glycolysis to proceed?
NAD+
32
Which steps of glycolysis require ATP input and which steps produce ATP?
Use ATP: 1, 3 Produce ATP (2 each): 7, 10
33
What does fermentation produce that glycolysis requires?
NAD+
34
Do all fermentation processes produce CO2 gas?
No
35
Are the organic products of fermentation considered acids or bases?
Acids
36
How is the shelf life of fermented foods benefited by pH changes from fermentation?
Low pH (acidic) helps eliminate pathogens
37
Does fermentation occur in the presence or absence of oxygen?
Absence
38
After the krebs cycle where are all the carbon atoms from the original glucose molecule?
CO2 6 total (2 cycles of Krebs for one glucose)
39
What molecules deliver electrons to ETC?
NADH (from glycolysis and Krebs) FADH2 (from Krebs)
40
Do electrons moving through an ETC gain or lose energy?
Lose energy
41
Where does an electron go after reaching end of ETC?
Given to 1/2 of an O2 to form water
42
What is a proton gradient? Is it only chemical?
Concentration gradient of hydrogen ions electrical gradient of protons
43
Describe the role of membranes in the PMF
Intermembrane compartment has more H+, so it is positively charged Matrix compartment has fewer H+, so it is negatively charged
44
What enzyme produces ATP at the end of respiration?
ATP synthase
45
What is an amphibolic metabolic pathway?
A metabolic pathway that uses both anabolism and catabolism to improve cell efficiency
46
In amphibolic pathways, can enzymes only catalyze reactions in one direction?
No- because most reactions are reversible
47
Is glucose the only fuel source for catabolic pathways?
No- gluconeogenesis
48
Is the formation of macromolecules anabolic or catabolic? Endergonic or Exergonic?
Anabolic, endergonic

Micro: Exam 2 (4 decks)

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