Ch 8 Vocab Flashcards
(31 cards)
An individuals biological inheritance, especially his or her genes
Nature
The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving both growth and decline.
Development
An individuals environmental and social experiences
Nurture
A research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at
Preferential looking
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations
Habituation
An individuals incorporation of new information into existing knowledge
Assimilation
Piaget, The famous Swiss developmental psychologist, changed the way we think about the development of children’s minds
Jean Piaget
An individuals adjustment of his or her schemas to new information
Accommodation
Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth till about two years of age, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor (physical) actions
Sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s Second stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 2 to 7 years of age, during which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought.
Preoperational stage
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, lasting from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations
Concrete operational stage
Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, which begins at age 11 to 15 and continues through the adulthood; it some features thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypothesis about the future.
Formal operational stage
An individual behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.
Temperament
The close emotional bond between an infant and it’s caregiver
Infant attachment
The ways that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment
Secure attachment
Generated one of the most important developmental theories of the 20th century
Erick Erickson (1902-1994)
1- trust versus mistrust 2- autonomy versus shame and doubt 3- initiative versus guilt 4- industry versus inferiority 5- identity versus identity confusion 6- intimacy versus isolation 7- generativity versus stagnation 8-integrity versus despair
Ericksons 8 childhood stages
A restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parents directions and to value hard work and effort
Authoritarian parenting
A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior
Authoritative parenting
A parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child’s life
Neglectful parenting
A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child’s behavior
Permissive parenting
Kohl berg created a proactive theory of moral development. In his view, “moral development consists of a sequence of qualitative changes in the way and individual thinks.”
Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)
Gilligan argues that Kohlberg’s approach does not give adequate attention to relationships. In Gilligans view, “many girls seem to fear, most of all, being alone-without friends, family and relationships.”
Carol Gilligan (B. 1936)
Behavior that is intended to benefit other people
Prosocial behavior
