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psych 4 > ch. 8.1 > Flashcards

ch. 8.1 Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

The persistence of learning over time through the process
of encoding, storage, and retrieval information

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2
Q

what are the 3 stages of memory

A
  1. Encoding: getting information into memory in the first place
  2. Storage: retaining memories for future use
  3. Retrieval: recapturing memories when you need them
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3
Q

what are the two major models for memory

A
  1. Information-processing model
  2. Parallel distributed-processing model or connectionist model
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4
Q

information processing theory

A

Suggests information moves among three memory stores during
encoding, storage, and retrieval; Is analogous to a compute

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5
Q

what are the three stages in information processing theory

A
  • Information must pass through three stages, or systems, of mental
    functioning to be put in memory
    1. Sensory memory (SM)
    2. Working memory (WM)
    3. Long-term memory (LTM)
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6
Q

what is the atkinson shiffrin model of memory

A

sensory input goes to sensory memory

selective attention puts this into short term working memory and maintenance rehersal keeps it there

encoding and stor places this into LTM and retrieval places it back into short term working memory

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7
Q

information processing theory sensory memory purpose and duration

A

purpose- holds sensory information
duration- up to 1/2 sec for visual, 2-4 sec for auditory

capacity is large

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8
Q

short term memory purpose and duration and capacity for the inforamation processing theory

A

purpose- holds information temporarily for analysis
duration- up to 30 sec without rehersal
capacity- limited to 5-9 items

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9
Q

LTM information processing theory purpose, duration, and capacity

A

purpose- relatively permanent storage, duration is relatively permanent, and capacity is relatively unlimited

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10
Q

what is short term memory known as

A

working memory

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11
Q

what are the three sybsystems of short term working memory

A

Three subsystems
1. Central executive
2. Phonological loop and Visuospatial sketchpad
3. Episodic buffer

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12
Q

central executive

A

Central executive: supervisory role, monitors and coordinates
the WM system

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13
Q

phonological loop and visuospacial sketchpad

A

Phonological loop and Visuospatial sketchpad: processes
spoken and written information (“little voice”) and keeps track
of images and spatial locations (“inner eye”)

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14
Q

episodic buffer

A

Episodic buffer: links information from the other parts of WM
and creates links to time and order and links to LTM

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15
Q

a modern version of information processing model recognizes

A

the
intricate interaction between the SM,
ST/WM and LTM.

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16
Q

what is the intricate interaction between the SM,
ST/WM and LTM.

A

They interact to produce a top-down
and bottom-up processing
* Consider the analogy of putting
together a jigsaw puzzle.

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17
Q

parallel distributeed processing theory

A

Suggest that information is represented in the brain as a
pattern of activation across entire neural networks
* New pieces of information immediately join with other
(already acquired) information and grow networks of
information

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18
Q

dual track memory

A

effortful automatic and processing

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19
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding of information through careful attention
and conscious effort (explicit memory)
* Intentional and conscious attention, task-switching costs
* Needed for learning new information, more effective

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20
Q

automatic processing

A

encoding of information with little conscious
awareness of effort (implicit memory)
* Time, space, or frequency, classically conditioned associations
* Still have to pay attention (less apparent), no costs to task-switching

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21
Q

sensory memory

A

memory involving a detailed, brief sensory
image or sound retained for a brief period of time
* Photo,
* Passing car
* Seeing a flash of letters for a second
* If we’re not attending to the information, it will disappear

22
Q

working memory

A

a short-term memory store that can hold 5-9 items at once
* It’s the reason we can read and comprehend
* How we can follow a conversation

23
Q

rehersal

A

conscious repetition of information in an attempt to make
sure the information is encoded

24
Q

long term memory

A

the memory system in which we hold all of the
information we have previously gathered, available for retrieval, and use
in a new situation or task

25
Q

iconic memory

A

a fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli.
* Visual code

26
Q

echoic memory

A

a fleeting sensory memory of auditory
stimuli.
* Phonological codeq

27
Q

semantic codes

A

cognitive representation of information or an event
based on the meaning of the information
* Link information together based on shared meaning
* Used to encode verbal information into LTM

28
Q

distributed practice

A

we retain information better when our
encoding is distributed over time

29
Q

spaced practice effect

A

facilitated encoding of material through
rehearsal situations spread out over time
* Mass practice can produce speedy short term learning but can be
easily forgotten

30
Q

what is one effective way of space practice effect

A

testing effect- enhanced memory after retrieving rather than rereading

31
Q

what are the encoding processing strategies

A

meaning
organization
mnemonic devices

32
Q

meaning

A

the more meaningful the more readily it’s encoded and later
remembered.o

33
Q

organization

A

adding to or elaborating provides structure
* We typically do this intuitively
* Schemas: knowledge bases that we develop based on prior exposure to
similar experiences or other knowledge bases

34
Q

mnemonic devices

A

techniques used to enhance the meaningfulness of
information as a way of making them more memorable
* HOMES – Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior
* Roy G. Biv – Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet

35
Q

effortful processing strategies

A

chunking: grouping bits of information together to enhance ability to hold that
information in WM
* Allows us to encode more information and store more in WM

36
Q

what does sleep do for memory

A

Sleep can help consolidate information into LTM, but we need a sufficient
amount of time before falling asleep

37
Q

what are the two sources that information may enter WM from

A

1.Sensory information transferred to WM
2.Information from LTM brought back to WM for the
current situation or task
* WM, when in reference to mental math, it is characterized
as temporary scratchpad

38
Q

number of things sthat can be recalled in WM

A

maximum number of
items that can be recalled in the
correct order – now said the be 7 + 2

39
Q

storage in WM

A
  • Information in WM only lasts shortly and
    has limited capacity
  • If that information is not converted to LTM
    storage it will be lost
  • Hermann Ebbinghaus, German
    researcher, showed people lists of
    numbers, letters, or words presented
    rapidly and ask them to recall in order the
    items
40
Q

span of apprehension

A

the number of items that can be kept in the
mind at any one time
* Seems to be a fair assessment of the capacity of the auditory sensory
store
* Average span of apprehension was about 3.5 digits for adults, about 3
digits for fourth graders, and about 2.5 digits for first-grade children.

41
Q

storage in LTM

A
  • Because LTMs capacity is infinite it has been estimated to hold as many as
    one quadrillion separate pieces of information
  • Several factors influence LTM storage à attention, enter into WM, actually
    encoded in LTM
  • Once it’s there we still need to retrieve it
42
Q

what are the two varieties of LTM

A

explicit memory and implicit memory

43
Q

explicit memory

A

memory with conscious recall

44
Q

implicit memory

A

memory without conscious recall

45
Q

what are the two types of explicit memory

A

semantic and episodic memory

46
Q

semantic memory

A

facts and general knowledge- bananas are yellow, 12 mo in a year, spiders have eight legs

47
Q

episodic memory

A

personal experiences and events
eg. your highschool graduation, birth of your first child

48
Q

what are the three types of implicit memory

A

procedural memory
classically conditioned memory
priming

49
Q

procedural memory

A

motor skills and habits

how to drive a car, brush teeth, ride a bike

50
Q
A

psych 4 (14 decks)

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