ch 9

Question 1

parenting

Answer 1

refers to the activity of raising a child. includes a set of behaviours that characterise how parents on a daily basis to meet the needs of their child

Question 2

rights of a child

Answer 2

• the right to live a full life
• the right to quality healthcare, clean water, nutritious food n a clean environment
• the right to a standard of living good enough to meet physical n mental needs
• the right to relax, play n join a wide range of leisure activities

Question 3

physical needs of a child

Answer 3

• nutritious food
• conditions for adequate sleep
• safe housing
• access to healthcare
• safe from danger n threats

Question 4

social needs of a child

Answer 4

• socialisation
• values n beliefs learnt thru imitation n family interaction
• parents need to provide opportunities for interaction

Question 5

emotional needs of a child

Answer 5

• pos parenting practices to create emotional security
• relationships with others, children learn respect n confidence, independence n freedom

Question 6

intellectual needs of a child

Answer 6

• learning, communication n skill development
• parents need to create opportunities for problem solving, learning n understanding

Question 7

support to new parents

Answer 7

• social, family to help babysit
• emotional, advice from regret after child
• government, leave pay, tax benefit, medicare

Question 8

Considerations

Answer 8

• responsibilities, childs needs, lifestyle changes
• support
• resources, time n money

Question 9

conception

Answer 9

begins when a sperm enters ovum (egg) to form complete cell

Question 10

sperm

Answer 10

can survive 3 days in the womans body

Question 11

pregnancy

Answer 11

• lasts 40 weeks
• due dates calculated from the beginning of mothers last period

Question 12

3 trimesters

Answer 12

1 - wk 1-13
2- wk 14-27
3- wk 28-40

Question 13

prenatal development

Answer 13

prenatal stage starts once fertilisation occurs
- most rapid lifespan stage

Question 14

germinal stage

Answer 14

wk 0-2
begins with fertilisation n ends with implantation (stage when cells are dividing)

Question 15

embryonic stage

Answer 15

wk 3-8
when cells start taking specialised roles (cell differentiation) n organs r forming

Question 16

foetal stage

Answer 16

wk 9-38
rapid growth n organs formed in embryonic stage are functioning

Question 17

zygote

Answer 17

a full cell resulting from the fusion of a sperm n an ovum

Question 18

morula

Answer 18

a solid ball of cells created from a zygote

Question 19

blastocyst

Answer 19

thin walled hollow structure consisting of a cluster of cells making up an outer cell mass that becomes the placenta n an inner cell mass that becomes the embryo

Question 20

placenta

Answer 20

an organ that allows the transfer of nutrients, gases n wastes between mother n foetus

Question 21

IVF

Answer 21

process of fertilising eggs with sperm outside the human body. once fertilised the resulting embryos r placed back into the womans uterus

Question 22

Amniotic fluid

Answer 22

the fluid surrounding the embryo/foetus that protects the unborn baby

Question 23

risk factors

Answer 23

• parental smoking n tabacco smoke in the house
• alcohol use during pregnancy
• certain foods

Question 24

protective factors

Answer 24

• iodine
• iron
• folate
• maternal diet
• vaccination

Question 25

folate

Answer 25

- required for dna synthesis - reduce risks of neural tube defects

Question 26

iodine

Answer 26

- promotes optimal brain development

Question 27

iron

Answer 27

- helps carry oxygen around body - required bc of increased demand for oxygen for the foetus - increased demand of energy for mother - deficiency during pregnancy leads to premature birth n low birthweight baby

Question 28

alcohol use during pregnancy

Answer 28

- increased risk of stillbirth - Alcohol crosses placenta to baby’s blood - Restricts blood supply to foetus - Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) - risks being born underdeveloped with low birthweight

Question 29

Parental smoking & tobacco smoke in the home

Answer 29

- Chemicals from cigarettes reduce oxygen flow to placenta and exposes foetus to toxins - Increases risk of spontaneous abortion, LBW, birth defects, mortality) - Passive smoking can lead to the same H&W impacts as maternal smoking

Question 30

The intergenerational nature of H&Wb

Answer 30

H&WB and development have a generational impact, this means the H&WB and development of one generation influences the H&WB of the next.

Question 31

early life experiences

Answer 31

- low birth weight, reduces development capabilities n physical wellbeing - obesity, poor self esteem n cardiovascular disease - early relationships, secure attachment sense of safety n support, abusive more aggressive - stress during pregnancy, child having higher levels of anxiety - early environment, less attention from parents cause lower brain development n struggle interacting with others

Question 32

social mobility

Answer 32

mobility refers to the movement between socioeconomic groups throughout generations.