Ch 9

Question 1

Outgassing:

Answer 1

Water deep in the interior of the earth (below crust), are released in the form of gas (vapors)

Question 2

Eustasy:

Answer 2

global sea level caused by changes in the volume of water in the oceans

Question 3

In a globe, where is mostly water and where is mostly land

Answer 3

Land is mostly found in the northern hemisphere, water in the southern hemisphere

Question 4

The hydrological cycle

Answer 4

Vast currents of water, water vapor, ice, and associated energy

3 components:

1- atmosphere

2- surface

3- subsurface

Question 5

What happens in
the atmosphere part?

Answer 5

Evaporation + transpiration = evapotranspiration

transpiration: when plants release water to the atmosphere through small openings called stomata in their leaves, which is another way water moves into the atmosphere from land environments including water moving from the soil into plant roots and passing through their leaves to the air

Question 6

What happens in the surface?

Answer 6

Interception

stemflow

through fall

Question 7

what happens in the subsurface?

Answer 7

infiltration

Overland flow

surface run off

percolation

Question 8

Infiltration:

Answer 8

Water get soaked by the soil

Question 9

What happens if the ground surface is permeable?

Answer 9

then it won’t soak up the water

Question 10

surface run off:

Answer 10

Same as overland flow

Question 11

Overland flow

Answer 11

Surplus of water on surface so it causes a runoff in an area

Question 12

Percolation:

Answer 12

the movement of water through rocks and soil, filtering downwards after it has infiltrated the ground

Question 13

Soil-moisture zone

Answer 13

area where most of the water is stored in the soil, and roots have access to it

Question 14

Zone of saturation

Answer 14

When soil is fully saturated, extra water moves downward as gravitational water into deeper groundwater, filling all spaces in the soil

Question 15

Base flow

Answer 15

when water table reaches a stream, groundwater flows into the stream

Question 16

describe the water budget:

Answer 16

measures the input of precipitation and its outputs like evapotranspiration, evaporation, and transpiration from plants, and surface runoffs, and moisture in the soil moisture zone.

income = precipitation

expenditure = run off, evaporation, transpiration

savings account = soil moisture storage

Question 17

Rain gauge:

Answer 17

measures the amount of precipitation, its like a big cup that collects all of it

Question 18

Potential evapotranspiration:

Answer 18

the amount of water that would evaporate and transpire if there was always enough water available

Question 19

Actual evapotranspiration:

Answer 19

the water deficit, the subtraction of the water deficit by the (PE)

Question 20

3 categories of water:

Answer 20

gravitational: drains downwards after filling the soil pore spaces

hygroscopic and capillary:
Both remain in the soil but ONLY capillary is accessible to plants image below

Question 21

Why is hygroscopic water not accessible to plants?

Answer 21

it is a thin molecule layer tightly bound to each soil particle by the hydrogen bonding of water molecules

Question 22

Wilting point of a plant:

Answer 22

when soil moisture only contains inaccessible water, so plants wilt and die

Question 23

Capillary water:

Answer 23

valid for plants

Question 24

Gravitational water:

Answer 24

un valid for plants as it percolates deep to the groundwater zone

Question 25

Soil moisture utilization: (desperation)

Answer 25

When plants use any moisture they can get from the soil to survive

Question 26

Meteorological drought:

Answer 26

defined by the degree of dryness. This definition is region-specific, since it relates to atmospheric conditions that differ from area to area.

Question 27

Agricultural drought:

Answer 27

occurs from shortages of precipitation and soil moisture affect crop yields.

Question 28

Hydrological drought:

Answer 28

The effects of precipitation shortages (both rain and snow) on water supply, such as when streamflow decreases, reservoir levels drop, mountain snowpack declines, and groundwater mining increases.

Question 29

socioeconomic drought:

Answer 29

when reduced water supply causes the demand for goods or services to exceed the supply, such as when hydroelectric power production declines with reservoir depletion.

Question 30

Effects of climate change:

Answer 30

Lake levels are rising due to glaciers being melted at a rapid late, also causing freshwater to mix with saline water lower overall salinity in the ocean.

Question 31

Hydropower:

Answer 31

electricity generated using the power of moving water

Question 32

Wetland:

Answer 32

an area that is permanently or seasonally saturated with water and characterized by vegetation adapted to glycolic soils Water found in wet lands is all freshwater

Question 33

Where is groundwater found?

Answer 33

Beneath the surface that is beyond soil root zone

Question 34

Zone of aeration:

Answer 34

a zone above the water table that has air in its pore spaces which may or may not have water

Question 35

Zone of saturation: (opposite of aeration)

Answer 35

a zone above the water table that has water filled in all its pores

Question 36

Water table

Answer 36

the upper surface of groundwater, it’s the contact point between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation

Question 37

Aquifer:

Answer 37

subsurface layer of permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (silt, sand, or gravels) through which groundwater can flow in amounts adequate for wells and springs

Question 38

Unconfined:

Answer 38

permeable layer above allowing water to pass through and an impermeable layer below

Question 39

Confined:

Answer 39

Bounded above and below with permeable layers of rock or unconsolidated materials