Ch. 9

Question 1

Three structural joint classifications

Answer 1

1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial

Question 2

Three functional classifications: (Determined by the amount of mobility)

Answer 2

1. Synarthrosis - immobile
2. Amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable
3. Diarthrosis - freely moveable

Question 3

• Adjacent bones are directly connected to each other by fibrous connective tissue
• do not have joint cavity

Answer 3

Fibrous Joints

Question 4

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

Answer 4

• Sutures
• Syndesmosis: held together by ligaments (ex: between the ulna and radius)
• Gomphosis: between tooth & bony socket

Question 5

• Adjacent bones united by cartilage

- lack of joint cavity

Answer 5

Cartilaginous joints

Question 6

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 6

Synchondrosis: joined together by hyaline cartilage
Symphysis: bones are joined by fibrocartilage (ex: pubic symphysis)

Question 7

Most common and only joint with cavity

Answer 7

Synovial joints

Question 8

What are the sutures of a synovial joint?

Answer 8

• Articular capsule (dense irregular connective tissue & joint capsule)
• Articular cartilage (glassy smooth, spongy cushions, 1mm or less thick, protects bone ends)
• Synovial membrane (loose connective tissue)
• Synovial fluid (slippery fluid occupies all free spaces within the joint capsule, filtered from capillaries in the synovial membrane, thins with increased temp due to motion)
• Joint cavity

Question 9

compression squeezes synovial fluid out of the articular cartilage. Release allows it back in. Provides lubrication and nutrition.

Answer 9

Synovial Joints: Weeping Lubrication

Question 10

• Immobile or nearly immobile joint

- Important where the bones provide protection (ex: sutures and manubriosternal joint)

Answer 10

Synarthrosis

Question 11

Fibrous joints between the bones of the skull

Answer 11

Sutures

Question 12

Cartilaginous joint that unites manubrium and sternum

Answer 12

Manubriosternal joint

Question 13

• Limited mobility
• Ex: cartilaginous joint - unites bodies of adjacent vertebrae; pubic symphysis of the pelvis - right and left hip bones are anchored to each other

Answer 13

Amphiarthrosis

Question 14

• Synovial joints of the body = divided into three categories: 1. Uniaxial: motion in a single plane
  2. Biaxial: motion within two planes
  3. Multiaxial: several directions of movements

Answer 14

Diarthrosis

Question 15

List of common sutures found in synovial joints

Answer 15

• extrinsic, intrinsic, & intracapsular ligaments
• tendon
• articular disc
• meniscus
• bursa
• subcutaneous bursa
• submascular bursa
• subtendinous bursa
• tendon sheath

Question 16

Synovial joints

Answer 16

• femur
• posterior cruciate ligament
• anterior cruciate ligament
• tibia
• tendon of quadriceps femoris
• suprapatellar bursa
• patella
• prepatellar bursa
• synovial cavity
• infrapatellar fat pad
• infrapatellar bursa
• patellar ligament

Question 17

Types of synovial joints

Answer 17

• pivot joint (between C1 and C2 vertebrae)
• Hinge joint (elbow)
• Saddle joint (between trapezium carpal bone and 1st metacarpal bone)
• Plane joint (between tarsal bones)
• Condyloid joint (between radius and carpal bones of wrist)
• Ball-and-socket joint (hip joint)

Question 18

bone rotates within a ring; uniaxial, diarthrosis (atlas/axis)

Answer 18

pivot joint

Question 19

flexing and extending motions; uniaxial (elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes)

Answer 19

hinge joint

Question 20

shallow depression at the end of one bone articulates with a rounded structure from an adjacent bone (radius and carpals)

• biaxial joint
• flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements (metacarpophalangeal (knuckle joints of fingers; radiocarpal joint of wrist; metatarsophalangeal joints for toes

Answer 20

condyloid joint

Question 21

articulating surfaces for the bones have a saddle shape (trapezium/first metacarpal)

• biaxial joint
• flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements (first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; sternoclavicular joint)

Answer 21

saddle joint

Question 22

articulating surfaces of bones are flat or slightly (tarsals)

• multiaxial joint
• inversion and eversion of foot, or flexion, extension, and lateral flexion of the vertebral column (intertarsal joints of foot; superior-interior articular process articulations between vertebrae)

Answer 22

plane joint

Question 23

rounded head of one bone (the ball) fits into the concave articulation (the socket) of the adjacent bone (hip)
-multiaxial joint; allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation movements (shoulder and hip joints)

Answer 23

ball-and-socket

Question 24

Types of joint movements

Answer 24

• flexion & extension
• abduction & adduction
• circumduction
• rotation
• supination & pronation
• dorsiflexion & plantarflexion
• protraction & retraction
• depression & elevation
• excursion: lateral & medial
• superior and inferior rotation: scapula
• opposition & reposition

Question 25

- flexion - bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint - extension - reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased - abduction - movement away from the midline - adduction - movement toward the midline - circumduction - movement describes a cone in space

Answer 25

Angular movement

Question 26

- turning of a bone around its own long axis | - ex: between first two vertebrae; hip and shoulder joints

Answer 26

Rotation

Question 27

Adjacent vertebrae articulate with each other at synovial joints between superior & inferior articular processes

Answer 27

Zygapophysial joints, plane joints

Question 28

Articulations between the metacarpals and phalanges and the superior articular processes of the atlas and the occipital condyles on the base of skull

Answer 28

Metacarpophalangeal/condyloid joints

Question 29

- ball-and socket joint formed by articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula - largest range of motion - also called the glenohumeral joint

Answer 29

Shoulder joint

Question 30

- formed by the humeroulnar and radioulnar joints (hinge and pivot joints) - articulation between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of the radius and radial notch of the ulna

Answer 30

Elbow joint

Question 31

- multiaxial ball-and-socket joint | - head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone

Answer 31

Hip joint

Question 32

Largest joint of the body

Answer 32

Knee joint

Question 33

Three articulations (joints) of the knee

Answer 33

1. Femoropatellar 2. Medial tibiofemoral 3. Lateral tibiofemoral

Question 34

Ligaments of the knee joint

Answer 34

1. Fibular collateral ligament 2. Tibial collateral ligament 3. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament

Question 35

Meniscus of the knee joint

Answer 35

Medial and lateral meniscus

Question 36

- Talocrural joint is a uniaxial hinge joint (for dorsiflexion or plantar flexion of the foot) - movements between talus and calcaneus (subtalar joint) with other intertarsal joints (enables eversion/inversion movements of the foot).

Answer 36

Ankle/foot joints