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anatomy lab > ch 9 articulations > Flashcards

ch 9 articulations Flashcards

1
Q

athrology

A

scientific study of joints

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2
Q

what is the relationship between stability and mobility in articulations

A

the more stalbe, the less mobile. and vice versa

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3
Q

what does it mean for joints to be classified on a structural basis

A

they are classified based off type of conn tiss and if there is a space between the bones

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4
Q

types of joints classified structurally

A

fibrous joint, cartilagionous join, synovial joint

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5
Q

types of joints classified by amount of movement permitted

A

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

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6
Q

where does a fibrous join occur

A

where bones are held together by dense irrg conn tiss

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7
Q

where to cartilaginous joints occur

A

where bones are joined by cartialge

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8
Q

what is contained in a synovial joint

A

a fluid filled cavity with synovial fluid that separates cartilage covered articulating surfaces of bones.

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9
Q

what are the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint contained in and what are the bones joined by

A

a capsule, bones joined by various ligaments

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10
Q

what is a synarthrosis, and how many types/what types of joints are synarthrosis

A

an immobile joint. 2 fibrous, one cart

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11
Q

amphiarthrosis / how many and what types

A

slightly mobile. 1 fibrous joint and one cart joint

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12
Q

diarthrosis/ how many and what type

A

freely mobile joint, all synovial joints are these

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13
Q

what are the three types of fibrous joints

A

gomphoses, suture, syndesmosis

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14
Q

where are the gomphosis joints in the human body located

A

only located in articulations of teeth.

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15
Q

what is the gomphosis joint classified as, functionally

A

synarthrosis

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16
Q

sutures, where do sutures occur and what are they classified as functionally

A

synarthrosis, only between bones of skull. dense reg conn tiss.

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17
Q

why do sutures have jagged irregular edges

A

they increase strength and decrease number of fractures

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18
Q

what is synostoses

A

what sutures becomes when they are completed fused when the individual reaches adulthood

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19
Q

syndesmoses, where do they occur, and what is their functional classification

A

amphiarthroses, where articulationg bones are joined by dense reg conn tiss.
occur between radius and ulna, and tib and fib.

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20
Q

what type of joint contains interosseous membrane and what is it

A

syndesmosis. a broad ligamentous sheet that binds two articulating bones together (radius and ulna and tib and fib.

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21
Q

types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses, symphyses

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22
Q

what type of conn tiss do fibrous joints have

A

dense regular

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23
Q

what are cartilaginous joints attached by

A

attached by cartilage

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24
Q

what jiont doesnt have a cavity

A

cartilaginous

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25
Q

what specifically are synchrodoses joined by

A

(chondros = cartilage) joined by hyalin cartilage

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26
Q

what are synchondroses labeled as functionally

A

synarthroses

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27
Q

what is a main distinguishing feature of synchondroses

A

main feat: hyalin cart of epiphyseal plates in children form these to bind epi to diaphysis in long bones. replaced by bone when they stop growing and eliminate the synchondrosis.

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28
Q

where are synchrondroses located / when do they fuse

A

spheno-occipital synchrondosis - body of sphenoid and basil part of occipital. fuse between 18-25

first sternocostal joint -attachment of first rib to sternum by costal cartilage. unite to manubrium to stabilize rib cage

costochondral joints - between each rib and its costal cartilage (NOT between ribs and sternum of ribs 2-7, that is synovial)

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29
Q

symphesis, what is its functinoal classification, what is it made of(and its function) and hwere is it

A

has a pad of fibrocartilage between articulating bones that resists compression and tension/shock.
classified as a amphiarthroses
ex:
-pubic symphesis. becomes more mobile during pregnancy and stops when not pregs
-intervertebral joints, only slight movements to allow spine flexibility

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30
Q

what separates the bones of a synovial joint

A

a joint cavity

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31
Q

synovial joint locations

A

glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, temporomandibular joint, elbow, knee

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32
Q

basic distinguishing features of synovial joints

A

articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligaments, nerves, blood vessels

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33
Q

parts of articular capsule and what joint is it in

A

in synovial joints, has fibrous later on outside and synovial membrane on inside

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34
Q

what does aritcular cartilage cover, what kind of cartilage is it

A

all articulating bone surfaces in a synovial joint, hyalin cartilage

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35
Q

functions of articular cartilage and what does it lack

A

reduces friction, prevents damage to articulating ends of bones, absorbs compression places on a joint.

lacks a perichondrium

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36
Q

why does articular cartilage need excercise to keep it strong

A

it is avascular like all mature cartilage, and it cant heal without nutrients and waste removal, so the compression from excercise enhances waste removal and nutrition to keep it healthy.

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37
Q

joint cavity functions and what does it secrete

A

contains synovial fluid and permits separation of bones. reduces fruction. seretes synovial fluid from synovial membrane and blood plasma

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38
Q

functions of synovial fluid

A

lubrication, nourishment of chondrocytes, shock absorbtion,

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39
Q

ligaments function and composition

A

composed of dense reg conn tiss. connect bones to each other and strengthen synovial joints.

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40
Q

extrinsic ligaments vs intrinsice ligaments

A

outside of articular capsule vs thickenings of the articular capsule itself (extracapsular on surface and intra within)

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41
Q

hiltons law

A

nerves that innervate a joint also innervate the muscles that move the joint

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42
Q

bursa

A

fibrous sac that contains synovial fluid and is lined by synovial membrane. alleviate friction

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43
Q

tendon sheath

A

elongated bursa around tendons wehre there is alot of friction, like around fingers and wrist

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44
Q

fat pads location and function

A

usually among margins of syn joint, usually in spaces formed when bones and cavities change shape. pack material and protection.

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45
Q

tendons, what are they made of and what do they do

A

not part of synovial itself. dense reg conn tiss. binds bone to muscle instead of bone to bone like a ligament. stabilize joint

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46
Q

dif btwn tendons and ligaments

A

tendons are muscle to bone, ligs are bone to bone

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47
Q

classifications of synovial joints by shapes of art surface and the movement they allow

A

uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial(triaxial)

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48
Q

uniaxial

A

moves only along one plane or axis

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49
Q

biaxial

A

moves along 2 planes or axis

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50
Q

multiaxial

A

moves in multiple planes or axes

51
Q

types of synovial joints from least to most mobile

A

plane(uniaxial), hinge(uniaxial) , pivot(uniaxial) , condylar(biaxial) , saddle(biaxial), ball and socket(multiaxial)

52
Q

plane joint / movement classification (-axial) / examples

A

2 flatish bones that that only allow side to side movements (uniaxial)

intercarpal and intertarsal joints

53
Q

hinge joint / movement classification (-axial) / examples

A

convex side of a bone in concave depression of another bone joint. uniaxial, moves liek door hinge.

elbow joint, knee, finger

54
Q

pivot joint / movement classification (-axial) / examples

A

uniaxial, one bone w rounded surface fits into a ring formed by ligament of another bone. rotates side to side

proximal radioulnar joint - round head pivots around ulna, rotating radius

atlantoaxial joint btwn first 2 cervical vert (shaking head “no” neck pivots)

55
Q

condylar joint / movement classification (-axial) / examples

A

biaxial, oval convex surface on one bone w a concave articular sruface on second bone

metacarpophalangeal (knuckles)

56
Q

saddle joint / movement classification (-axial) / examples

A

both bones resemble shape of saddle, biaxial but greater range than condylar or hinge.

carpometacarpal joint of thumb

57
Q

ball and socket joint / movement classification (-axial) / examples

A

multiaxial, spherical head fits into round socket of another. more shallow the socket the less stable but more mobile.

shoulder

58
Q

sprain

A

overstretching or straining of ligaments

59
Q

osteoarthritis

A

inflamation of joint resulting from breakdown of articular cartilage

60
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

inflammation of joint due to attack on synovial components by immune system

61
Q

what is a gliding motion

A

two opposing articular surfaces slide past each other in any direction

62
Q

types of angular motion and their opposing movements if any / definition of angular motion

A

angle between artic bones increases or decreases
-flexion/extension
-extension/flexion
-lateral flexion
-abduction/adduction
-adduction/abduction
-circumduction

63
Q

flexion and what type of movement category is it

A

angle between articulating bones decreases

64
Q

extension and what type of movement category is it

A

angle between articulationg bones increases

65
Q

lateral flexion and what type of movement category is it

A

vertebral column bends in lateral direction along coronal plane

66
Q

abduction and what type of movement category is it

A

lateral movement away from midline

67
Q

adduction

A

lateral movement toward midline

68
Q

circumduction and what type of movement category is it

A

angular ; continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in succesion. distal end of limb or digit moves in circle

69
Q

rotational movement definition and subtypes/opposing movements

A

bone pivots around own longitudinal axis
-pronation/supination
-supination/pronation

70
Q

pronation

A

rotating forarm so hand is turned posteriorly

71
Q

supination

A

rotating forarms so hand is tuner anteriorly

72
Q

special movements definition and subtypes/opposing movements

A

types of movement not fitting in other categories
-depression/elevation
-elevation/depression
-dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
-plantar flexion/dorsiflexion
-inversion/eversion
-eversion/inversion
-protraction/retraction
-retraction/protraction
-opposition/reposition

73
Q

depression movement and opposition

A

movement of a body part inferiorly

74
Q

elevation movement and opposition

A

movement of a body part superiorly

75
Q

dorsiflexion movement and opposition

A

ankle movement where dorsum(superior part of foot) is brought closer to anterior surface of leg/ plantar flexion

76
Q

plantar flexion

A

ankle joint movement where sole of foot is brought toward posterior surface of leg / dorsiflexion

77
Q

inversion

A

twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole medially or inward / eversion

78
Q

eversion movement and opposition

A

twisting motion of foot that turns sole laterally or outwards / inversion

79
Q

protraction movement and opposition

A

anterior movement of body part from anatomic position / retraction

80
Q

retraction

A

posterior movement of body part from anatomic position / protraction

81
Q

opposition

A

movement of thumb across palm towards fingers to allow grasping of objects / reposition

82
Q

where and what are intervertebral discs / what are their components

A

a pad of fibrocartilage that separates and cushions between each vertebrae as well as in the articulation processes of each vertebra

anulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus

83
Q

anulus fibrosis. what is it made out of and what does it contain

A

part of intervertebral discs. outer layer made of fibrocartilage, contains collagen fibers that attach disc to bodies of adjacent vertebrae and ligaments that run along them

84
Q

nucleus puplosus

A

inner gelatinous core of disc and is mainly water with some reticular and elastic fibers

85
Q

anterior/poster longitudinal ligament

A

thick sturdy lig that attaches vertebral bodies and discs and their anterior surfaces
posterior attaches psosterior aspects- much thinner and runs THRU vert canal

86
Q

interspinous ligaments

A

interconnect spinous processos of vertebrae and merge with supraspinous ligament

87
Q

supraspinous ligaments

A

interconnects tips of spinous processes from c7 to base of skull

88
Q

ligamentum favum

A

connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae

89
Q

movements that the vertebra can do

A

single set is limited, but among entire column can do flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation

90
Q

type of joints formed at superior and inferior articular processes of vertebra

A

plane joints

91
Q

atlanto-occipital joint (structural and functional classification, description of movement)

A

btwn atlas and occipital condyles of occipital bone (synovial condylar joint, diarthrosis, extension and flexion of head, lat flexion side to side)

92
Q

atlantoaxial joint (structural and functional classification, description of movement)

A

betwen arch of atlas and dens of axis (synovial pivot joint, diarthroses, head rotation)

93
Q

intervertebral joint (structural and functional classification, description of movement)

A

connection between superior and inferior vertebral processes of adjacent vert (cartilagionous symphesis joint btwn vert bodies and synovial plane jnt btwn artic processes/ amphiarthrosis btwn bodies, diarthrosis btw art processes/ extension, flexiion, lat flexion of vert column)

94
Q

vertebrocostal joints (structural and functional classification, description of movement)

A

heads of ribs and bodies of thoracic vertebrae/their intervert discs AND tubercles of rubs to facets of tranverse process of thoracic vert. ( synovial plane / diarthrosis / slight gliding of ribs)

95
Q

lumbosacral joint

A

5th lumbar vert body to base of sacrum AND facets of 5th lumbar vert to 1st sacral vert ( cart symphysis btwn body and base, synovial plane btwn art facets / amphiarthrosis btwn body and bse, diarthrosis btwn facets / extension, flexion, lat flex of vert column)

96
Q

sternocostal joint (structural and functional classification, description of movement)

A

sternum and first seven pairs of ribs (cart synchondrosis btwn sternum and 1st rib, synovial plane for rest / synarthrosis for 1st, diarthrosis rest / no movement for first, gliding for rest)

97
Q

herniated disc

A

pulposus extruded from inside cartilage pad. bulging disc is not yet herniated

98
Q

what are the parts of the joint capsule in the shoulder called

A

subacromial burso and subdeltoid bursa

99
Q

ligaments on the anterior part of joint capsule in shoulder are calls

A

glenohumeral ligaments

100
Q

ligaments connecting scapula to clavicle

A

acromioclavicular ligament and coraclavicular ligament

101
Q

ligament connecting acromion to coracoid process in scapula

A

coraco-acromial ligament

102
Q

what surrounds the glenoid fossa in the shoulder joint

A

glenoid labrum

103
Q

muscles in shoulder with tendons that travers the ball and socket joint

A

SITS muscles:
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

104
Q

types of disclocations in teh shoulder

A

acromioclavicular and glenohumeral

105
Q

what is the main shoulder joint called in the socket on scapula

A

glenohumeral joint, socket called glenoid

106
Q

what is the hip joint called

A

coxal joint - btwn head of femur and acetabulum

107
Q

acetabulur labrum

A

deepends the coxal joint

108
Q

what does the articular capsule of the hip do and where is it

A

above the acetabulum and it connects the fmeur to the hip to strengthen it.

109
Q

what are hte ligamentous fibers of the articular capsules called and what do they reflect to

A

rentinacular fibers, refecty aroudn the neck of the femur. provid stability. contain arterires that supply blood

110
Q

what are the spiraling intracapsular ligaments reinforcing the articular capsule of the hip called. what do they do.

A

iliofemoral, ischifemoral, pubofemoral. they make it harder to split when standing up then spread out when sitting bc they provide stability.

111
Q

what ligament has an artery that supplies to the head of the femur and whre does it originate

A

ligament of head of femur. origin is acetabulum

112
Q

what type of joint is the knee (movement wise)

A

mainly hinge, but can provide rotation and lat gliding when flexed

113
Q

articulations of the knee

A

tibiofemoral (btwn condyles of femur and tibia) and patellofemoral (between knee)

114
Q

where is the articular capsule on the knee

A

the posterior, not anterior

115
Q

what covers anterior of knee in place of articular capsule

A

quadriceps femoris muscle tendon, also embedded in patella.

116
Q

what ligament extends beyond patella to the tibia and where does it attach

A

patellar ligament, attaches to tibial tuberosity

117
Q

what 2 things are the knee missing

A

a joint cavity and a unified articular capsule

118
Q

2 ligaments that become taught on extension in the knee, where are they and what do they do

A

on either side of the knee joint and provide stability

fibular collateral ligament-
- reinforces lateral surgace. from femur to fibula. prevents hyperaDduction
tibial collateral ligament-
-reinforces medial surface.l fermur to tibia. prevents hyperabduction

119
Q

fibrocartilage pads on the condyles of the tibia and their function

A

medial meniscus and lateral meniscus. stabilize joint medial and laterally, cushing art surfaces, change shape as femur mooves

120
Q

ligaments deep to the articular capsule of knee. type and subtypes. what do they do

A

cruciate ligaments: limit anterior and posterior movement of femur on tibia

anterior Cruciate ligament (ACL): posterior femur to anterior tibia. prevents hyperextension
-pulled tight when knee extended

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL): anteroinferior femur to posterior tibia. prevents hyperflexion and posterior displacement of tibia.
-taught when on flexion

121
Q

most common knee injury, what is the other name for it, and what does it tear

A

lateral impact- tears tibial collateral lig, medial mniscus, and acl

unhapy triad

122
Q

anthroscopy

A

conservative treatment that makes small incision in knee and insterts anthroscope to allow surgeons to see area without make unecessary incisions

123
Q

how to test for acl and pcl injuries

A

anterior drawer test -acl- tugs anteriorly on tibia, too much motion means tear
posterior drawer test -pcl- pushes posteriorly on tibia, too much movment indicates tear

124
Q

gouty arthritis

A

usually mid aged males. (gout). increased uric acid in blood creating urate crystals resulting in joint pain. eventually immobilizes causing articular fusion on bone surfaces.

anatomy lab (10 decks)

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