Ch. 9: Cellular Respiration

Question 1

Oxidizing: Definition and Relation

Answer 1

a. Giving up hydrogens and electrons.
b. catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels

Question 2

How do energy and nutrients move through a system?

Answer 2

Cycling nutrients and Flowing energy

Question 3

Central processes to cellular respiration?

Answer 3

Electron transfer from food molecules and catabolic pathways release stored energy.

Question 4

What is NAD+ and NADH and how does it form.

Answer 4

Nicotinamide-adenosine dinucleotide. An cozenzyme for electrons.

2 e- and 1p+ is transferred to NAD+ forming NADH. The other proton is released to the surrounding area

Question 5

What is FAD and FADH2

Answer 5

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 6

What is fermentation?

Answer 6

Partial degrading of sugars that occurs without oxygen

Question 7

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 7

Consumes organic molecules and oxygen and produces ATP

Question 8

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 8

Consumes compounds other than oxygen to produce ATP

Question 9

What other fuel sources can cellular respiration use? Why do we trace glucose?

Answer 9

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be used by C.R. . Glucose is the beginning of cellular respiration

Question 10

What is the equation of cellular respiration

Answer 10

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

Question 11

Cells must ____ _____ their supply of ___ from ___ and phosphate?

Answer 11

constantly, regenerate, ATP, ADP

Question 12

This occurs when the body runs out of ATP

Answer 12

Death by affixation

Question 13

Name the terms and definition that is in redox reactions. (6)

Answer 13

Oxidation-reduction: chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants.

Oxidation: loss of electrons (less H, more O)

Reduction: addition of electrons (more H, less O)

Reducing agent: electron donor, Oxidizing agent: electron acceptor

Includes the electron sharing in covalent bonds, particularly with Oxygen.

Question 14

How does an electron lose potential energy? What do electrons do when they get closer to electronegative O atom?

Answer 14

When it shifts from a less electronegative atom to a more electronegative one (becoming stable).

They release energy.

*Note: in a reaction, with oxygen, energy is given off if the oxygen is more electronegative/ holds most of the electrons. CO2, H2O.

Question 15

During cellular respiration, what is oxidized? what is reduced. How is energy released?

Review: Related key terminology to metabolism in ch 7.

Answer 15

Glucose is oxidized (any fuel molecules), O2 is reduced. Energy is released as HYDROGEN and ELECTRONS are transferred to O atoms. (?)

Review: Entropy increase, more stable, lower energy level.

Question 16

How does the oxidation of glucose relate to the process obtaining of ATP?

Answer 16

Oxidation of glucose transfers electrons from a high energy state to a lower energy state, which releases energy. This energy is used in the synthesis of ATP.

Question 17

can free electrons travel in cellular respiration?

Answer 17

No, free electrons have a bunch of energy and are harmful to living things. Electrons have to be transferred with a proton.

Question 18

What are dehydrogenases?

Answer 18

Enzymes that remove a pair of hydrogen atoms (2 e- and 2p+).

Question 19

Why does cellular respiration undergo several energy-releasing steps?

Answer 19

If NADH transferred its electrons directly to oxygen, energy would be released in one explosive reaction. Which would be ineffective and harmful for the body.

Question 20

location, parts, and functions of electron transport chain.

Answer 20

founded in the mitochondria in the inner membrane with FOUR transmembrane protein, total of SEVEN proteins (?).

functions include: creating a chemical and electrical gradient, creating a battery, interactions with membrane potential, creating ATP, and potential energy (?)

Question 21

How do cave rats (?) survive without drinking water (hint: cellular respiration)?

Answer 21

Cave rats are small and abuse the products of the cellular respiration. This makes 6 H2O and this is enough to sustain them.

Question 22

List the 3.5 stages of Cellular Respiration and their primary functions. Connect the stages.

Answer 22

Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose into molecules of pyruvate and NADH.

Pyruvate oxidation: break down pyruvate into another carbon chain

Citric acid cycle: Breakdown into CO2 and refuels NADH and FADH2.

Oxidative phosphorylation: contains electron transfer chain and chemiosmosis facilitate synthesis of most of the cell’s ATP.

Question 23

difference between oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation.

Answer 23

oxidative phosphorylation is powered by redox reactions and produces the most ATP.

Substrate-level phosphorylation is powered by enzymes, formed in glycolysis and citric acid cycle, and it forms a little ATP.

Question 24

How many molecules of ATP are made in a molecule of Glucose

Answer 24

32 molecules of ATP

Question 25

Glycolysis: general knowledge

Answer 25

Occurs in the cytoplasm with 2 major stages. Investment phase, where 2 ATP are used to split the glucose into 2 three-carbon sugars. Energy payoff phase where 4 ATP are synthesized, 2NAD+ are reduced to NADH, 2 pyruvate are formed, and 2 H2O is made. *net earn of 2 ATP

Question 26

Name each enzyme, at FIRST STEP of energy investment with a description of its purpose and, if possible, latin name meaning. Name the corresponding molecules name.

Answer 26

1. Hexokinase: #6 carbon - phosphate added 2. Takes ATP and uses it to add a phosphate group into the glucose 3. [hexo - 6, kine- move, -ase - enzyme] 4. Glucose 6-phosphate

Question 27

Name each enzyme, at SECOND STEP of energy investment with a description of its purpose and, if possible, latin name meaning. Name the corresponding molecules name.

Answer 27

1. Phosphoglucoisomerase 2. switch from glucose to fructose (an isomer of glucose) 3. phospho-phosphate, gluco-sugar, isomer-by def., -ase-enzyme 3b. an isomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the process of isomerization 4. Fructose 6-phosphate

Question 28

Name each enzyme, at THIRD STEP of energy investment with a description of its purpose and, if possible, latin name meaning. Name the corresponding molecules name.

Answer 28

1. Phosphofructokinase 2. Take ATP and put a phosphate group onto the molecule 3. phospho-phosphate, fructose, kine-movement, -ase-enzyme 4. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Question 29

Name each enzyme, at FOURTH STEP of energy investment with a description of its purpose and, if possible, latin name meaning. Name the corresponding molecules name.

Answer 29

1. Aldolase 2. breaks down sugars 3. -ase-enzyme 4a. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) 4b. Dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP)

Question 30

Name each enzyme, at FIFTH STEP of energy investment with a description of its purpose and, if possible, latin name meaning. Name the corresponding molecules name.

Answer 30

1. Isomerase 2. Able to switch between G3P and DHAP 3. Isomer and -ase 4. G3P or DHAP

Question 31

Name the enzyme in the FIRST step of glycolysis: energy invest payoff. Include the function, latin roots, and the consequent molecule produced

Answer 31

1. Triosephosphatedehydrogenase 2. gives 2 H atoms to 2NADH (in total) and combines a phosphate with the G3P 4. tri-three, -ose-sugar, phosphate-PO4, dehydrogen-remove hydrogen, -ase-enzyme 3. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

Question 32

Name the enzyme in the SECOND step of glycolysis: energy invest payoff. Include the function, latin roots, and the consequent molecule produced

Answer 32

1. Phosphoglycerokinase 2. powers ADP to ATP with a phosphate group 3. phosphate-PO4, Glycerol-CH3H8O3, kinase-movement enzyme 4. 3-Phosphoglycerokinase

Question 33

Name the enzyme in the THIRD step of glycolysis: energy invest payoff. Include the function, latin roots, and the consequent molecule produced

Answer 33

1. Phosphoglyceromutase 2. moves the phosphate group to the middle of the molecule instead of the end. 3. phosphate, glycerol, mutase 4. 2-Phosphoglycerate

Question 34

Name the enzyme in the FOURTH step of glycolysis: energy invest payoff. Include the function, latin roots, and the consequent molecule produced

Answer 34

1. Enolase 2. Releases 2 H2O (in total) 3. n/a 3.Phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 35

Name the enzyme in the FIFTH step of glycolysis: energy invest payoff. Include the function, latin roots, and the consequent molecule produced

Answer 35

1. Pyruvate Kinase 2. Removes the phosphate group and gives it to ADP to turn it into ATP 3. kinase 4. Pyruvate