Ch. 9- Endocrine Metabolic Disorders II

Question 1

What causes Type 1 Diabetes?

Answer 1

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.

Question 2

What causes Type 2 Diabetes?

Answer 2

Decreased insulin production and/or increased insulin resistance by body cells.

Question 3

What are the primary functions of insulin in glucose metabolism?

Answer 3

Facilitates glucose uptake into cells, decreases blood glucose levels, promotes glycogenesis, and inhibits glycogenolysis

Question 4

What are the classic symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 4

Polyuria (frequent urination), Polydipsia (excessive thirst), and Polyphagia (excessive hunger).

Question 5

What is glycolysis?

Answer 5

The oxidation of glucose to produce ATP.

Question 6

What are the key signs of DKA?

Answer 6

Hyperglycemia, ketonuria, metabolic acidosis, Kussmaul respirations, acetone breath, dehydration.

Question 7

What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Answer 7

Disorientation, anxiety, sweating, palpitations, low blood glucose, loss of consciousness.

Question 8

What fasting blood glucose level indicates diabetes?

Answer 8

≥126 mg/dL on more than one occasion.

Question 9

What does an A1C test measure?

Answer 9

The percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin over the past 3-4 months; a value ≥6.5% suggests diabetes.

Question 10

Which hormones increase blood glucose levels?

Answer 10

Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol.

Question 11

What are the long-term complications of diabetes?

Answer 11

Neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, atherosclerosis, infections, foot ulcers.

Question 12

What are the key features of HHNK-
(Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNK)?

Answer 12

Hyperglycemia, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, neurologic deficits.

Question 13

What are the components of metabolic syndrome?

Answer 13

Hypertension, high LDL, low HDL, abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia

Question 14

What is gestational diabetes?

Answer 14

Diabetes that develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth.

Question 15

Which pancreatic cells secrete insulin?

Answer 15

Beta cells.

Question 16

What is the function of glucagon?

Answer 16

Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver, increasing blood glucose levels.

Question 17

How does diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) differ from HHNK?

Answer 17

DKA occurs in Type 1 diabetes and involves ketone production; HHNK occurs in
Type 2 diabetes and involves severe dehydration but no significant ketosis.

Question 18

What is diabetic nephropathy?

Answer 18

Kidney damage due to prolonged high blood glucose, leading to renal failure.

Question 19

What is peripheral neuropathy?

Answer 19

Nerve damage causing numbness, tingling, weakness, and muscle wasting.

Question 20

How does negative feedback regulate hormone release?

Answer 20

Hormone levels are regulated by feedback loops where excess hormone inhibits further secretion

Question 21

How do hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia differ?

Answer 21

o Hyperglycemia: High blood glucose (>126 mg/dL), symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, blurred vision.

o Hypoglycemia: Low blood glucose (<70 mg/dL), symptoms include dizziness, sweating, confusion

Question 22

How does cortisol affect blood glucose?

Answer 22

Increases glucose production in the liver, makes fat and muscle cells resistant to insulin.

Question 23

Why are diabetics at high risk for cardiovascular disease?

Answer 23

High blood glucose contributes to atherosclerosis, increasing risk of heart attacks and strokes.

Question 24

What is ketogenesis and why does it occur in diabetes?

Answer 24

Breakdown of fatty acids into ketones due to lack of insulin, leading to ketoacidosis.

Question 25

What endocrine functions does the pancreas perform?

Answer 25

Beta cells secrete insulin (lowers blood glucose). o Alpha cells secrete glucagon (raises blood glucose).

Question 26

What are the symptoms of diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 26

Blurred vision, dark spots, vision loss due to damage to retinal blood vessels.

Question 27

What HbA1c level suggests good diabetes control?

Answer 27

<7% indicates good blood glucose management.

Question 28

How do oral hypoglycemic drugs work?

Answer 28

Increase insulin secretion or reduce insulin resistance (e.g., Metformin, Sulfonylureas).

Question 29

What causes metabolic syndrome?

Answer 29

Insulin resistance leading to hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, and hyperglycemia.

Question 30

What should be done if someone has insulin shock (severe hypoglycemia)?

Answer 30

Give fast-acting sugar (e.g., glucose tablets, juice) and monitor blood glucose levels.

Question 31

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 31

The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids.

Question 32

How does negative feedback regulate hormone levels?

Answer 32

Increased hormone levels inhibit further hormone release to maintain balance.

Question 33

What is diabetic neuropathy?

Answer 33

Nerve damage causing numbness, tingling, and pain, often in extremities.

Question 34

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?

Answer 34

o Type 1: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells, requires insulin. o Type 2: Insulin resistance and decreased insulin production, may require insulin or oral meds.

Question 35

How do ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis differ?

Answer 35

o Ketoacidosis: Results from ketone accumulation in diabetes. o Lactic acidosis: Results from anaerobic metabolism due to oxygen deprivation.

Question 36

What are the primary functions of T3 and T4?

Answer 36

Regulate metabolism, energy production, and growth.

Question 37

How do the adrenal glands influence blood sugar?

Answer 37

Release cortisol and epinephrine, both of which increase blood glucose

Question 38

How is HHNK different from DKA

Answer 38

o HHNK occurs in Type 2 Diabetes, with severe dehydration but no significant ketosis. o DKA occurs in Type 1 Diabetes, with ketosis and metabolic acidosis.

Question 39

What are the main risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes?

Answer 39

Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high-fat diet, family history, metabolic syndrome.

Question 40

How does epinephrine affect glucose levels?

Answer 40

Stimulates glycogenolysis, increasing blood glucose in response to stress

Question 41

How does growth hormone affect glucose metabolism?

Answer 41

Increases blood glucose levels and promotes fat breakdown.

Question 42

What happens in insulin resistance?

Answer 42

Body cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Question 43

How do glycogenesis and glycogenolysis differ?

Answer 43

o Glycogenesis: Formation of glycogen from glucose (storage). o Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen into glucose (energy release).

Question 44

What are common signs of insulin resistance?

Answer 44

Weight gain, dark skin patches (acanthosis nigricans), high blood sugar, high triglycerides.

Question 45

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Answer 45

Controls hormone release by regulating the pituitary gland.

Question 46

How does exercise help control blood glucose?

Answer 46

Increases glucose uptake by muscles and improves insulin sensitivity.