Ch. 9 terms

Question 1

Achievement motivation

Answer 1

refers to whether children are motivated by mastery or by others’ views of their success.

Question 2

Anal Stage

Answer 2

the second stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from the second year through the third year, in which the primary source of pleasure comes from defecation.

Question 3

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Answer 3

a syndrome that involves difficulty in sustaining attention.

Question 4

behavior modification

Answer 4

a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior.

Question 5

chronosystem

Answer 5

historical changes that influence the other systems.

Question 6

ego

Answer 6

in psychoanalytic theory, the second personality structure to develop. It is the rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality.

Question 7

entity theory

Answer 7

a theory that a person’s level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable.

Question 8

entity/helpless orientation

Answer 8

a tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure.

Question 9

erogenous zones

Answer 9

in Freud’s theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development.

Question 10

ethology

Answer 10

the study of the evolutionary bases of behavior.

Question 11

exosystem

Answer 11

environmental settings that a child does not directly experience but that can affect the child indirectly.

Question 12

genital stage

Answer 12

the final stage in Freud’s theory, beginning in adolescence, in which sexual maturation is complete.

Question 13

hostile attributional bias

Question 14

id

Answer 14

in psychoanalytic theory, the earliest and most primitive personality structure. It is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure.

Question 15

imprinting

Answer 15

a form of learning in which the newborns of some species become attached to and follow adult members of the species.

Question 16

incremental theory

Question 17

incremental/mastery orientation

Answer 17

a general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure.

Question 18

intermittent reinforcement

Question 19

latency period

Answer 19

the fourth stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from age 6 to age 12, in which sexual energy gets channeled into socially acceptable activities.

Question 20

macrosystem

Answer 20

the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded.

Question 21

mesosystem

Answer 21

the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings.

Question 22

microsystem

Answer 22

the immediate environment that an individual child personally experiences and participates in.

Question 23

oral stage

Answer 23

the first stage in Freud’s theory, occurring in the first year, in which the primary source of satisfaction and pleasure is oral activity.

Question 24

parental-investment theory

Answer 24

a theory that stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior that benefit their offspring.

Question 25

phallic stage

Answer 25

the third stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from age 3 to age 6, in which sexual pleasure is focused on the genitalia.

Question 26

reciprocal determinism

Answer 26

child–environment influences operate in both directions; children are both affected by and influence aspects of their environment.

Question 27

role taking

Answer 27

being aware of the perspective of another person.

Question 28

self-socialization

Answer 28

active process during development whereby children’s cognitions lead them to perceive the world and to act in accord with their expectations and beliefs, through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on.

Question 29

superego

Answer 29

in psychoanalytic theory, the third personality structure, consisting of internalized moral standards.

Question 30

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 30

observing someone else receive a reward or punishment.