Ch.1

Question 1

Hypothesis

Answer 1

Makes predictions about observations not yet made or experiments not yet run. These predictions can be tested.

Question 2

Theory

Answer 2

General explanations of natural phenomena that have been supported by a large body of experiments and observations.

Supported by hypothesis that have withstood testing and that have been supported by a large body of experiments and observations.

Question 3

Explain a characteristic of both all living organisms and all non-living material.

Answer 3

They both conform to the basic laws of chemistry and physics.

Question 4

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 4

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but can only be transformed from one form to another.

Organisms obtain energy from the sun or from chemical compounds.

Question 5

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 5

The degree of disorder (entropy) in the universe tends to increase.

Question 6

Entropy

Answer 6

The amount of disorder in a system.

A physical law that tells us that order things will always break down into a lower energy state (however it gets there).

Question 7

Example of entropy definitely increasing.

Answer 7

Melting ice in a glass of soda.

The melting ice goes from a more ordered crystalline structure to a less ordered liquid form. This represents an increase in entropy in the system.

Question 8

Francesco Red Experimentation

Answer 8

1. The scientific method shows that living organisms come from other living organisms.
2. Francesco Redi tested this hypothesis in the 1600s by proving that maggots come from flies laying their eggs.
3. In this experiment:
   a. Three jars with meat differed only in their covering (open jar, gauze-covered jar, and sealed jar).
   b. Redi observed that only the jar that was left open became covered in maggots: flies were allowed to lay their eggs on the meat in this jar.
   c. These results support the hypothesis that living organisms come from other living organisms-life does not spontaneously arise from nonliving materials.

Question 9

Louis Pasteur Experimentation

Answer 9

1. In the 1800s, Louis Pasteur tested the hypothesis that microorganisms can arise by spontaneous generation.
2. In his experiment, he used sterilized broth in a straight-neck flask and in a swan-neck flask.
   a. The straight-neck flask allowed dust particles carrying microbes to fall into the sterile broth.
   b. The swan-neck flask prevented dust from getting inside.
3. Pasteur rejected the hypothesis that microbes arise spontaneously from sterile broth.
4. Instead, exposure to microbes carried on airborne dust particles is necessary for microbial growth.

Question 10

Essential cell features

Answer 10

1.An ability to store and transmit information (genetic material)

2.A plasma membrane that creates a distinct boundary separating
the cell interior from the external environment

3.An ability to harness materials and energy from the environment

Question 11

The central dogma

Answer 11

DNA
🔻transcription
RNA
🔻translation
Protein

Question 12

Plasma membrane

Answer 12

Essential to life

Keeps things in and out

All cells have genetic material

Question 13

Eukaryotes

Answer 13

Nucleus

Question 14

Prokaryotes

Answer 14

No nucleus

Question 15

Why Aren’t Viruses Considered

Living Organisms?

Answer 15

They don’t have the ability to harness energy from the environment

Can’t break down chemical compounds to make ATP

Require cells as hosts