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Learning and Memory ch1-5 > ch1 > Flashcards

ch1 Flashcards

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1
Q

empiricism

A

origin of knowledge is experience

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2
Q

learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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3
Q

nativism

A

we have innately given knowledge that doesn’t depends on experience

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4
Q

rationalism

A

knowledge is derive from reasoning, logical mind

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5
Q

basic research vs. applied research

A

basic: quest for knowledge for its own sake, fundamental processes. Applied: designed to solve specific problems.

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6
Q

functional approach

A

the necessity of learning and memory for survival and adaptation to changing environments

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7
Q

behavioral approach

A

the acquisition of specific behaviors and responses

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8
Q

cognitive approach

A

the learning of knowledge and expectancies: information is encoded and stored, like memory recall

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9
Q

neuroscience approach

A

the changing that learning produces in the brain

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10
Q

Behaviorism

A

psychology becoming a science, only observable behavior can be measured

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11
Q

learning rules out

A

reflexes, instincts, maturation, alterations of physiology

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12
Q

classical conditioning

A

associations shape our behavior; an association between something in the environment and a response to a particular stimuli

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13
Q

implicit vs explicit memory

A

Implicit - retention independent of conscious recollection
Explicit - memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

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14
Q

declarative memory

A

conscious memory, includes episodic (personal stories) and semantic (general knowledge)

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15
Q

procedural memory

A

non conscious memory, like walking

includes cognitive (thinking, can improve skills unconsciously) and motor (doing, muscle memory)

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16
Q

Neuron

A

brain cell; functional unit of brain

dendrite is where information comes in, axon is where information goes out

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17
Q

orienting response

A

natural responses people have under surprising circumstances

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18
Q

Habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness over repeated presentations; only involves on stimulus

Goal: we need to pay attention to novelty

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19
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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20
Q

repeated habituations

A

Habituation occurs faster with successive habituation sessions.

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21
Q

spacing

A

closer spacing between stimuli= faster habituation

every 20 seconds would create more habituation than every 100 seconds

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22
Q

Dishabituation

A

after a new stimulus, the previous habituated one may revert back

enhancing physiological response

respond to an old stimulus as if it’s new again

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23
Q

generalization

A

if habituated to one stimulus, might generalize it to other similar stimuli

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24
Q

types of habituation measurements

A

eye fixations, startle reactions, heart rate changes, brain wave changes

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25
unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.
26
unconditioned response (UR)
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
27
conditioned stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
28
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
29
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
30
generalization (classical conditioning)
the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response
31
Discimination (Classical Conditioning)
the ability to tell the difference between the CS and the stimuli similar to it that do not signal a UCS; in operant conditioning refers to responding differently to stimuli that signal that behavior will be reinforced or not reinforced; in social psychology it refers to unjustified behavior against an individual or group
32
contiguity
in order for conditioning to occur, the CS must occur close in time to the US
33
Forward Contiguity
CS then US, CS then US
34
unpaired control
random time course with CS and US
35
compound conditioned stimuli
Shock US paired with Noise CS paired with Light CS. Both CS' create a response but to different degrees. The more salient things are, the more you will pick up on associations.
36
Overshadowing
one thing gets conditioned more than someone else
37
relative validity
the highest correlation with the US
38
Blocking
a previously condition relation may block conditioning of a second CS. example/ US is shock CS is noise, UR is fear.... If noise was conditioned first, if a light was added, only the noise would be conditioned
39
stimulus-response theory
close association between the CS and CR
40
stimulus-stimulus theory
strengthening associations between S and CS (vs a direct connection, the stimuli associate first)
41
preparatory response theory
A theory of classical conditioning that proposes that the purpose of the CR is to prepare the organism for the presentation of the US. ex/ fear helps prepare for shock)
42
systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
43
conditioned taste aversion
development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association
44
Typical US
taste, touch sound, emotion
45
excitatory conditioning
A CS becomes associated with the occurrence of US
46
inhibitory conditioning
a type of classical conditioning in which the CS becomes a signal for the absence of the US
47
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
48
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
49
Thorndike and the Puzzle box experiment
- Cats had to escape from a "puzzle" box - Process was by trial and error
50
Skinner Box
A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.
51
discriminative stimulus
a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
52
contrast effects operant conditioning
Large to small reward, worse performance Small to Large reward, better performance
53
Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
54
fixed-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
55
variable-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
56
variable-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
57
fixed-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
58
variable-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
59
secondary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
60
drive-reduction theory
he idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
61
incentive motivation
reinforcers motivate us to get rewards
62
habit slip
automatic behavior takes over
63
behavior modification
the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

Learning and Memory ch1-5 (1 decks)

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