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Question 1

Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

Answer 1

Menstruation
Follicular Phase (Early/Late)
Ovulation
Luteal Phase*

Question 2

Progesterone highest?

Answer 2

Luteal phase

Question 3

LH peak during _____ phase

Answer 3

during ovulation

Question 4

Marks the first day of a new menstrual cycle

Answer 4

Menstruation: Discharge of bloody fluid containing endometrial and blood cells

Question 5

How long does menstruation last?

Answer 5

typically 3-5 days

Question 6

How does menstruation occur?

Answer 6

It is triggered by the decline in estrogen and progesterone(especially progesterone) from the last cycle

Question 7

What causes endometrial tissue to die?

Answer 7

Vasoconstriction

Question 8

How is endometrial tissue expelled out of the uterus?

Answer 8

uterine contractions

Question 9

4 main hormones in the menstrual cycle

Answer 9

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinising Hormone (LH)
Estrogen
Progesterone

Question 10

2 Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

Answer 10

1. Follicular Phase
2. Luteal Phase

Question 11

What is the Follicular phase?

Answer 11

When ovum is still in the follicle

Question 12

How long is a typical menstrual cycle?

Answer 12

28 Days

Question 13

How long does Luteal Phase last?

Answer 13

ALWAYS 14 days

Question 14

How long does Follicular Phase last?

Answer 14

varies from 8-14 days. It is the reason for the variation in the duration of menstrual cycle

Question 15

What is the Luteal phase?

Answer 15

when ovum is released from the follicle and into the fallopian tube

Question 16

What is responsible for regulating a large number of hormones?

Answer 16

Pituitary glands

Question 17

Early Follicular Phase

Answer 17

Hypothalamus releases Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) which releases gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) from the ANTERIOR pituitary gland

Question 18

Main job of FSH

Answer 18

Stimulate the development of the follicles

Question 19

Main job of LH

Answer 19

To cause ovulation

Question 20

Primordial follicles

Answer 20

immature eggs in the ovaries. about 200,000 in each ovaries but not all are viable eggs

Question 21

What secretes estrogen?

Answer 21

Granulosa cells around the FSH-stimulated follicles

Question 22

Estrogen

Answer 22

Steroid sex hormones that promote female secondary characteristics. Also stimulates the development of endometrium.

Also causes cervix mucus to become thinner to allow faster sperm travel

Question 23

What causes a negative feedback to the pituitary glands and the hypothalamus to suppress the release of LH and FSH?

Answer 23

Estrogen

Question 24

What happens when there is an INCREASE in LH?

Answer 24

Causes the follicles to reach the surface of ovary and release the ovum (unfertilized eggs)

Question 25

When does ovulation occur?

Answer 25

at day 14 of the menstrual cycle

Question 26

What secretes high levels of progesterone?

Answer 26

Corpus luteum after ovulation

Question 27

What does progesterone do?

Answer 27

Thicken and maintain endometrial lining Thicken cervical mucus Causes a rise in body temperature

Question 28

What secretes Human Gonadotrophin (HCG)?

Answer 28

Fertilized embryo

Question 29

What keeps a corpus luteum alive in a fertilized embryo?

Answer 29

Human Gonadotrophin (HCG)

Question 30

Matured dominant follicles that are stimulated by FSH?

Answer 30

Graafian follicle

Question 31

blastocyst

Answer 31

pre-embryo

Question 32

Factors Affecting Timing of Menarche

Answer 32

Age of maternal menarche Socioeconomic status (-) Body mass index (-) Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals

Question 33

Factors Affecting Timing of Menopause

Answer 33

Age of maternal menopause Irregular cycles (-) African American race (-) Psychosocial stress (-) Smoking (-) Oral contraceptive use: conflicting

Question 34

Signs of ovulation

Answer 34

Lots of “egg-white” cervical mucus followed by sudden drying up Increase in libido leading up to ovulation Ovarian pain during ovulation (also known as “mittelschmertz”) Mid-cycle increase in basal body temperature

Question 35

How many % of menstrual cycles are anovulatory?

Answer 35

about 10%

Question 36

synthetic estrogen and progesterone

Answer 36

progestogen

Question 37

How does birth control prevent ovulation?

Answer 37

Estrogen and progesterone feed back in the HPG axis to prevent FSH and LH release

Question 38

prevents the production of fertile cervical mucus

Answer 38

progestogen

Question 39

How do IUDs work?

Answer 39

The presence of an IUD in the uterus creates an inflammatory reaction that prevents fertilization of the ovum by sperm

Question 40

release a progestogen, which prevents fertile cervical mucus and prevents thickening of the uterine lining

Answer 40

Hormonal IUDs

Question 41

Why aren’t my periods regular?

Answer 41

Possible causes of menstrual irregularity Stress can cause occasional irregularity Thyroid dysfunction Excessive exercise Eating disorders Uncontrolled diabetes Primary ovarian insufficiency Most common: polycystic ovarian syndrome

Question 41

What percent of women are affected by Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

Answer 41

5-10% of women

Question 42

Symptoms of PCOS

Answer 42

2 out of 3 of the following criteria: Menstrual irregularity Signs of elevated testosterone (e.g. acne, excess body hair, hair loss) Polycystic ovaries (via ultrasound) Responds well to low glycemic index diet & exercise