Ch1-4

Question 1

Trepanation

Answer 1

Drilling holes in skull to relieve pressure

Question 2

IACUC

Answer 2

Institute animal care and use committee- laws for animal research

Question 3

Hippocrates

Answer 3

Brain=sensation and intelligence

Question 4

Galen

Answer 4

Founded 1st anatomy text - cerebrum, cerebellum and ventricles

Question 5

Brain studies in Renaissance?

Answer 5

Cadavers from graveyards

Question 6

Descartes

Answer 6

Mind brain problem

Question 7

Ventral is synonymous to

Answer 7

Efferent and motor sensor

Question 8

Dorsal

Answer 8

Afferent and sensory nerves

Question 9

Gray vs white matter

Answer 9

White has myelin

Question 10

Central subdivision

Answer 10

Brain and spinal cord

Question 11

Peripheral division

Answer 11

Network of nerves through body

Question 12

Bell and magendie

Answer 12

Dorsal and ventral root clippin experiments on puppies

Question 13

Cerebellum is origin of

Answer 13

Motor fibers

Question 14

Cerebrum is destination of

Answer 14

Sensory fibers

Question 15

Frans joseph gall

Answer 15

Phrenology bumps on skull reflect personality

Question 16

Marie flourens

Answer 16

Ablation method removing of specific neurons

Question 17

Paul broca

Answer 17

Discovered region of cerebrum for speech

Question 18

Darwin

Answer 18

Evolution of nervous system, animals can correlate w humans

Question 19

Neuron

Answer 19

Basic unit of brain

Question 20

DLAR

Answer 20

Division laboratory animal resources- decide if research on animals serves purpose =proposal

Question 21

Noninvasive method for learning nervous system

Answer 21

MRI scans

Question 22

Neurophilosophy

Answer 22

No seperation of mind and brain

Question 23

Glia cells function

Answer 23

Support insulate and protect neurons

Question 24

Glia outnumber neurons by

Answer 24

10-1

Question 25

What is function of neurons

Answer 25

Process sense communication and command

Question 26

Stain facilities cytoarchitecture in CNS

Answer 26

Nissl stain

Question 27

Cell body is

Answer 27

Soma

Question 28

Neurites

Answer 28

Dendrites and axons

Question 29

Cajal introduced

Answer 29

Neurons communicate through synapse (contact)

Question 30

Purpose of dendrites spines

Answer 30

Increase surface area

Question 31

Myelin is an

Answer 31

Insulator for axon

Question 32

How long are axons

Answer 32

3ft long shaped by microtubules

Question 33

Smooth ER makes

Answer 33

Lipids and steroid hormones for detox

Question 34

Golgi apparatus sorts

Answer 34

Proteins into specific locations

Question 35

Aftin

Answer 35

5-8 nm cytoskeleton

Question 36

Neuro filaments

Answer 36

10-12 nm cytoskeleton

Question 37

Microtubules

Answer 37

20-22nm cytoskeleton alpha/beta tubulin

Question 38

Disease of nervous system coded by a gene

Answer 38

Huntingtons disease

Question 39

Decision maker for firing synapses

Answer 39

Axon Hillock

Question 40

Anterograde

Answer 40

Soma to terminal

Question 41

Retrograde

Answer 41

Terminal to soma

Question 42

Neurons for special senses

Answer 42

Uni and bipolar

Question 43

Stellate cells

Answer 43

Star shaped

Question 44

Pyramidal cell

Answer 44

Pyramid shaped

Question 45

Protein used for visual aid for classifying neuron experiments

Answer 45

Green fluorescent protein

Question 46

Astrocytes

Answer 46

Numerous glia and regulates chemical content of extra cellular space

Question 47

Myelinating glia in CNS

Answer 47

Oligodendroglial cells

Question 48

Myelinating glia in PNS

Answer 48

Schwann cells

Question 49

Name of axon region exposed

Answer 49

Nodes of ranvier

Question 50

Ependymal cells

Answer 50

Help move CSF

Question 51

Microglial cells

Answer 51

Phagocytes release cytokines from immune response

Question 52

Vasculature

Answer 52

Blood vessels oxygen and nutrients

Question 53

Where do reflexes occur

Answer 53

Spinal cord

Question 54

Solvent is water?

Answer 54

Polar solvent

Question 55

Covers cations and anions and reason to move charges

Answer 55

Spheres of hydration

Question 56

What dissolves in water

Answer 56

Hydrophilic

Question 57

What kind lf compound doesnt dissolve in water

Answer 57

Hydrophobic

Question 58

Behavior of compounds in channels

Answer 58

Hydrophilic due to spheres of hydration

Question 59

Primary protein structure

Answer 59

Beads- amino acids

Question 60

Secondary protein structure

Answer 60

Alpha helix beta sheets

Question 61

Structure tertiary proteins

Answer 61

Hydrogen bonds

Question 62

Structure of quaternary protein

Answer 62

More than one structure (hemoglobin) | Subunits

Question 63

Structure of ion channels

Answer 63

Quaternary

Question 64

Do channel proteins require energy

Answer 64

No energy used

Question 65

Ion pumps are formed by

Answer 65

Membrane spanning proteins

Question 66

Ion pumps require

Answer 66

ATP for energy

Question 67

Neurons are physically connected by

Answer 67

Gap junctions

Question 68

The energy used by ion oumps from atp breakdown results from

Answer 68

Neuronal signaling

Question 69

Factors cause normal cell charge to be negative -65mv

Answer 69

Protein a and phosphate p

Question 70

Factor about channels change voltage

Answer 70

Location of open channels

Question 71

Nernst equation accounts for

Answer 71

Charge of ion Temp Ratio int/external ion concentration

Question 72

NaK pump

Answer 72

Enzymes breaks down atp when sodium is present

Question 73

Which ion controls resting membrane potential

Answer 73

Potassium

Question 74

Low potassium can lead to

Answer 74

Epilepsy and other neural disorders | Strokes

Question 75

Why do ion channels need a small diameter

Answer 75

Precent excess water from coming into cell - lysis

Question 76

What cell regulates ext potassium concentration through spatial buffering

Answer 76

Astrocytes

Question 77

Why sodium potassium pump is important

Answer 77

Maintains rmp equilibrium and prevents accumulation of sodium

Question 78

Why is sodium affected by electrochemical gradient

Answer 78

Na wants to satisfy both concentration and electrical gradient

Question 79

Ions more concentrated inside cell

Answer 79

K+

Question 80

Ions more concentrated outside cell

Answer 80

Na, cl,

Question 81

Where does action potential occur on neuron

Answer 81

Axon hillock,

Question 82

Temporal summation

Answer 82

Single presynaptic neuron fires many times in succession to reach threshold

Question 83

Spacial summation

Answer 83

Excited potentials from different presynaptic neurons to reach threshold

Question 84

Purpose of myelin sheath

Answer 84

Protect insulate and enhance transmission of electric impulses

Question 85

Device used to study action potential

Answer 85

Oscilloscope

Question 86

Optogenetics

Answer 86

Using light to control neurons

Question 87

Depolarization

Answer 87

Influx of na+

Question 88

Repolarization

Answer 88

Efflix of K+

Question 89

What mV categorized as hyperpolarization

Answer 89

-80mV

Question 90

When does sodium channel protein open

Answer 90

Changes shape at -55mV threshold

Question 91

Absolute refractory period

Answer 91

Channels are inactive

Question 92

Tetrodotoxin TTX

Answer 92

Clogs na permeable pore

Question 93

Red tide saxitoxin

Answer 93

Na channel blocking toxin

Question 94

Batrachotoxin

Answer 94

Blocks inactivation so channels remain open

Question 95

Channel fastest to open

Answer 95

Na channel

Question 96

Purpose lf delayed rectifier potassium conductance

Answer 96

Reset membrane potential

Question 97

What happens when theres no ball and chain

Answer 97

Hyperpolarization sodium keeps going in cell

Question 98

Orthodromic

Answer 98

Action potential travels in one direction soma to terminals

Question 99

Antidromic

Answer 99

Backward propagation

Question 100

Factors influence conduction velocity

Answer 100

Spread of action potential along membrane Path of positive charge Axonal excitability

Question 101

Characteristics of Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 101

Saltatory conduction | Where sodium channels are most concentrated