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CH1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two most common forms of DNA variation in the human genome?

A

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms: 1% in coding region

Copy number variations: large stretches of DNA, 50% in coding region

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2
Q

What marks are attached to what AA?

A

Histone methylation: lysine, arginine, act or inact
Histone acetylation: lysine (HATs vs HDAC)
Histone phosphorylation: serine, act or inact
DNA methylation (silences)
Chromatin organizing factors (spaces enhancers and promoters)

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3
Q

What enzyme is involved in activating miRNA?

A

DICER

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4
Q

What does miRNA complex into?

A

RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) which either silences or cleaves mRNA

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5
Q

What is the therapeutic agent against miRNA?

A

SiRNA (small-interfering)

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6
Q

What does long non-coding RNA do? What’s an example?

A

Binds regions of chromatin (promotors, prevents polymerase access, direct marking, scaffold for other proteins)

XIST, X chromosome inactivation

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7
Q

What are the catabolism units of the cells and what do they break down?

A

Lysosomes: everything
Proteasomes: proteins, MHC fragment maker
Peroxisomes: fatty acids, hydrogen peroxide

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8
Q

What are most proteins in the plasma membrane?

A

Transmembrane

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9
Q

What plasma proteins function in sperm-egg interactions and inlammation?

A

Glycolipids and sphingomyelin

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10
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Carbohydrate cell shield against chemical and mechanical stressors, involved in cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions

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11
Q

What substances passively cross the cell membrane? What substances don’t?

A

O2, H2O, steroids (vit D), ethanol, urea, polar molecules 75 daltons

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12
Q

What are the features of caveolae?

A

Small invaginations, potocytosis, no clathrin, internalize R’s and integrins, protein is caveolin

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13
Q

What are the three processes for cell uptake?

A

Potocytosis (no clathrin, fluid-phase)
Pinocytosis (clathrin, fluid-phase)
Receptor-mediated endocytosis (clathrin)

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of cytoskeleton proteins?

A

Actin
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules (MTOC, centrosome, centrioles), cilia for motility

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of cell-cell interactions?

A

Occluding/tight junctions
Communicating/Gap junctions
Anchoring junctions/desmosomes

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16
Q

What are the different types of desmosomes?

A

Spot: cell-cell, small rivet-like, intermediate filaments

Hemi: cell-ECM, integrins, intermediate filaments

Belt: cell-cell, E-cadherins, actin

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17
Q

What are the different types of intermediate filaments?

A

Lamin A/B/C: nuclear lamina
Vimentin: mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts, endothelium)
Desmin: muscle cells
Neurofilaments: axons of neurons
Glial fibrillary acidic protein: glial cells around neurons
Cytokeratins: cell markers

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18
Q

What are the pores associated with gap junctions? What are they made of? Under what conditions are they more or less permeable?

A

Connexons

Connexins

Less in low pH, greater in high Ca

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19
Q

What’s the morphology of the ER?

A

Branches of tubes, smooth or rough (ribosomes or no)

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20
Q

What do ER ribosomes match with on some mRNA? What if this doesn’t occur?

Study These Flashcards
A

N-termini signal sequence

The mRNA binds to cytosolic ribosomes

21
Q

Define oligomerize.

Study These Flashcards
A

Monomers coming together, like in ER proteins.

22
Q

What modifications are made in the ER to proteins?

Study These Flashcards
A

Disulfide bonds added

N-linked oligosaccharides added

23
Q

What protein is defective in cystic fibrosis?

24
Q

Where are SERs prominent/conspicuous? What does the SER sequester?

Study These Flashcards
A

Cells that synthesize steroids or lipids

Adrenals, gonads, liver

Ca

25
What does the golgi body do? What cells are these most prominent in?
``` Modifies proteins from cis to trans Prunes N-linked oligosaccharides Recycles cis proteins Glycosylation of lipids and proteins Distributes products ``` Cells that secrete things (goblet cells, plasma cells, bronchial epithelium)
26
What are hydrolases tagged with in the Golgi so they reach the lysosome?
Mannose-6-phosphate
27
What do mitochondria use to initiate protein synthesis?
N-formylmethionine
28
What is thermogenin associated with?
Brown fat thermogenesis, non-shivering, ETC utilized for something other than ox phos
29
What uptake is upregulated in the Warburg effect?
Glucose and glutamine
30
What are the different kinase R groups? What activates them?
Tyrosine, seriene/threonine, lipid: insulin, GFs Non-R tyrosine kinase: cytokine R's, immune R's, integrins
31
What does activation of the Frizzled R cause?
Disruption o proteasome activity and subsequent increase in B-catenin levels
32
What do transcription factors contain many of and why?
Protein-protein interaction domains that allow for complex recruitment that undertakes mRNA synthesis
33
GF roles include what?
Cell growth, cell division, tissue maintenance and repair, tumor development, promote cell cycle entry, remove cell cycle blocks, prevent apoptosis, migration, differentiation
34
EGF (epidermal growth factor) does what?
Comes from macros, mitogenic for fibroblasts and stimulates granulation tissue formation
35
TGF-a (transforming growth factor) does what?
Activated by macros, stimulated proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells
36
HGF (hepatocyte growth factor)/scatter factor does what?
From fibroblasts and stromal cells in liver, enhances hepatocyte proliferation and increases cell motility, morphogen in embryonic development
37
VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) does what? When and what activates it?
Comes from mesenchymal cells, stimulates vascular dilation and permeability Hypoxia via HIF-1
38
PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)
Chemotactic for leukocytes, stimulates ECM protein synthesis, stimulates fibroblast and muscle cell proliferation, constitutively active
39
FGF (fibroblast growth factors) does what?
Comes from sentinels, chemotactic for fibroblasts, stimulates angiogenesis and EMC protein synthesis Interacts via heparin sulfate (a proteoglycan) to make GF reservoir in prep for wound site mobilization
40
TGF-B (transforming growth factor) does what? What's its transcription factor?
Chemotactic for leukocytes and fibroblasts, stimulates ECM protein synthesis, suppresses acute inflammation Smad4
41
What are the two basic ECM forms? What's contained in each?
Interstitial matrix and basement membrane IM: collagen, elastin, fibronectin, proteoglycans BM: type 4 collagen, laminin, proteoglycans
42
How is collagen organized? What type of bonds exist in fibrillar collagen And Where is it found?
Three polypeptide chains braided together in triple-helix rope Covalent bonds in lateral cross-linking formed by lysyl oxidase (Vit C dependent, def --> osteogenesis imperfecta, easy bleeding and poor healing) Connective tissue of bone/tendons/cartilage/vasculature/skin
43
What types of collagen fall under non-fibrillar?
IV (Basement membrane structure), IX (FACITs for collagen-collagen), VII (anchoring fibrils)
44
What is the importance of fibronectin?
Wound healing, component of scaffolding for ECM deposition and angiogenesis, also tissue formation
45
What is the most abundant adhesive glycoprotein?
Laminin
46
What are also referred to as cell adhesion molecules?
Integrins, cell-ECM, functionally and structurally linking intracellular cytoskeleton with outside world
47
What is asymmetric division?
When stem cells divide, one daughter takes self-renewal path to maintain SC population while the other daughter differentiates
48
Define totipotent.
What embryonic stem cells are, the ability to differentiate into any cell of the human body Tissue stem cells are NOT totipotent and have limited lineage designations

MOD1 (5 decks)

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