ch1 Basic Elements of Anatomy Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
refers to the study of the structure of an organism
2
Q
Dissection
A
cutting of parts of the organism
3
Q
Physiology
A
the study of the function of the living organism and its parts, as well as the chemical processes involved
4
Q
Applied anatomy
A
clinical anatomy; the application of anatomical study for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases (in relation to surgical procedures)
5
Q
Descriptive anatomy
A
systematic anatomy; the desc. of individual parts of the body w/o reference to disease conditions
6
Q
Gross anatomy
A
study of the body and its parts as visible w/o the aid of microscopy
7
Q
Microscopic anatomy
A
study of the structure of the body by means of microscopy
8
Q
Surface anatomy
A
study of the body and its surface markings as related to underlying structures
9
Q
Developmental anatomy
A
study of anatomy with reference to growth and development from conception to adulthood
10
Q
Pathological anatomy
A
study of the parts of the body with respect to the pathological entity
11
Q
Comparative anatomy
A
study of the homologous structures of different animals
12
Q
Respiratory physiology
A
the study of function in respiration; concerned with all processes involved in breathing
13
Q
Cytology
A
the discipline that examines structure and function of cells
14
Q
Histology
A
the microscopic study of cells and tissues
15
Q
Osteology
A
the study of structure and function of bones
16
Q
Myology
A
the study that examines muscle form and function
17
Q
Arthrology
A
studies the joints that unite the bones
18
Q
Angiology
A
the study of the blood vessels and the lymphatic system
19
Q
Neurology
A
the study of the nervous system
20
Q
Thorax
A
the chest region; the part of the body btw the diaphragm and the seventh cervical vertebra
21
Q
Abdomen
A
belly; the region represented externally as the anterior abdominal wall
22
Q
Trunk stands for?
A
torso
23
Q
Caput
A
the head; it rests atop the trunk or the torso
24
Q
What are the 2 components of the skull?
A
-the cranial portion and the facial part
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Cranial portion of the skull
houses the brain and its components
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Facial Part of the skull
the part of the skull that houses the mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity, and structures related to the upper airway and mastication (chewing)
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what is the Anatomical position?
the body is erect and the palms, arms and hands face forward.
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Axial skeleton
the head and trunk, with the spinal column being the axis
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Appendicular skeleton
portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones or cartilage that support upper and lower limbs
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neuraxis
the axis of the brain
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Frontal section
coronal; divides the body into front and back halves
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Sagittal section
any cut that divides the body into left and right portions
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If you cut the body into left and right halves what would you have then?
Mid-sagittal section
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Anterior
refers to the front surface of a body
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Posterior
opposite of anterior; towards the back or rear
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Dorsal
pertaining to the back of the body or distal
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Rostral
"toward the head", but within the cranium it refers to structure anterior to another
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Peripheral
refers to being away from the center to another
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Superficial
on or near the surface
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Deep
further from the surface; closer to the axis of the body
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Superior
above, farther from the ground
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Inferior
below, closer to the ground
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What 2 terms are used to describe a person's present position?
prone and supine
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Prone
laying on the belly, back facing up
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Supine
laying on the back, chest facing up
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Lateral
towards the side
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Proximal
nearest to the point of attachment or some point of reference
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Flexion
refers to bending at a joint, usually towards the ventral surface
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Extension
the opposite of flexion; being the act of pulling two ends farther apart.
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Hyperextension
extreme extension; dorsiflexion
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Plantar
pertaining to the sole of the foot
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Plantar grasp reflex
a reflex in which stimulation of the sole of the foot causes the toes of the feet to "grasp".
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Inversion
used to describe the sole of the foot turned inwards
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Eversion
used to describe the sole of the foot turned outwards
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Palmar
pertaining to the palm of the hand
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Pronate
to place in the prone position
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Supinate
to place in the supine position
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what does "ipsi" mean?
same
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when a singular word ends in "a", the plural form ends in..
ae (ex: pleura; pleurae)
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what a singular word ends in "us", the plural form ends in...
i (ex: locus; loci)
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when a singular word ends in "um", the plural form ends i...
a (ex: datum; data)
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Distal
toward the midline of a free extremity
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Medial
being away from the midline of a free extremity
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What are the 4 types of body tissues?
1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous
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Epithelial tissue
refers to the superficial (outer) layer of mucous membranes and the cells constituting the skin.
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Basement membrane
made of primarily collagen, underlies epithelial tissue, important in the process of directing growth patterns for epithelial cells
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Connective tissue
made up of the cell matrix; purpose is for support and protection; can be solid, liquid or gel-like
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Matrix
intercellular material within which the cells of this tissue are bound
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Areolar tissue
loose connective tissue that is supportive in nature
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Interstitial
the space or gap between organs
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Adipose tissue
areolar tissue that is highly impregnated with fat cells
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Lymphoid tissue
specialized connective tissue found in tonsils and adenoids
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Fibrous tissue
binds structures together and may contain combinations of fiber types.
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White fibrous tissue
strong, dense, and highly organized. found in ligaments and facial muscles
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Yellow elastic tissue
found where connective tissue must return to its original shape after being distended; cartilage of trachea or bronchial passageway
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Collagenous fibers
reticular fibers; provide a flexible structure to fibrous connective tissue
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elastic fibers
provide recoil to this tissue where needed
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Cartilage
firm, white connective tissue that has strength and elasticity properties
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Tensile strength
keeps the cartilage fibers from being easily separated when pulled
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Compressive strength
lets cartilage retain its form by being resistant to crushing, compressing forces
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Hyaline cartilage
smooth, glassy with blue cast, type of cartilage that allows for fluent movement in surfaces of bones
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Fibrocartilage
contains collagenous fibers, providing the cushion btw the vertebrae of the spinal column as well as the "mating surface" for the TMJ btw the lower jaw and the skull
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Blood
connective tissue that has a matrix and is made up of plasma
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Bone
hardest of the connective tissues; both in compact or spongy
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Compact bone
characterized microscopically by its lamellar or sheetlike structure
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Spongy bone
bone that appears to be porous. This is where bone marrow is found
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Fibroblasts
responsible for production of the extracellular matrix, so we are able to synthesize and secrete protein
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Striated muscle
skeletal muscle; somatic; voluntary; "striped appearance"
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Smooth muscle
includes the muscular tissue of the digestive tract and blood vessels; involuntary
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Cardiac muscle
composed of cells that interconnect in a net-like fashion; involuntary
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Autonomic
involuntary nervous system
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Nervous tissue
a highly specialized communicative tissue. consists of neurons or nerve cells
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Function of the nervous system
transmit info from one neuron to another, from neurons to muscles, or from sensory receptors to other neural structures
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Organs
aggregates of tissues with functional unity
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Fascia
a band that surrounds organs, being a sheetlike membrane that may be either dense or filmy, thin or thick.
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What is striated muscle surrounded by?
perimysium
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Ligaments
a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.
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Visceral ligaments
bind organs together or hold structures in place
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Skeletal ligaments
must withstand great pressure, as they are responsible for binding bone to bone
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Tendons
provide a means of attaching muscle to bone or cartilage
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Morphology
the form of the muscles they serve
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Aponeurosis
when a tendon is sheetlike, denser that fascia, they can retain the longitudinal orientation
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What is the point of articulation?
the point where bones are joined
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What makes cartilage important?
it has elasticity properties that bones lack
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Fibroblasts
the cells that facilitate bone repair, found in the inner layer of periosteum
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Joints
the union of bones with other bones, or cartilage with other cartilage
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How are joints classified?
the degree of movement they permit; high mobility, limited mobility to no mobility
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Diarthrodial joints
high mobility joints
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Amphiarthrodial joints
limited mobility joints
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Synarthrodial joints
no mobility joints
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Synarthrodial joints are also
fibrous joints
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Amphiarthrodial joints are also
cartilaginous joints
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Diarthrodial joints are also
synovial joints
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3 types of Fibrous joints?
1) syndesmosis
2) sutures
3) gomphosis
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Syndesmosis joints
fibrous joints that are bound by fibrous ligaments but have little movement
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Sutures
joints btw bones of the skull that are not intended to move at all
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Gomphosis
a hole and peg arrangement type of joint; incl a socket and tooth, a final joint and a plane joint
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2 types of Cartilaginous joints?
1) synchondrosis
| 2) symphysis
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Synchondrosis
the cartilaginous union is maintained and ossifies over time as we age
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Symphysis
growing together; found btw the pubic bones or btw the disks of the vertebral column
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7 types of Synovial joints?
1) Plane synovial
2) Spheroid or reciprocal
3) Condylar joints
4) Ellipsoid joints
5) Trochoid joint
6) Saddle joint
7) Hinge joint
122
what is synovial fluid?
a lubricating substance, and around which is an articular capsule
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What are 3 ways to describe a synovial joint?
simple or composite
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Plane synovial joints
gliding joints; those in which the the mating surfaces of the bone are more or less flat
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Spheroidal joint
a ball and socket joint, where one member of the union has a concave portion and the other member has a convex portion
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Condylar joints
more shallow versions of the ball-and-socket joint, permitting more limited movement
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Ellipsoid joints
these joints permit a wide range of movements, but no rotation
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Trochoid joint (pivot joint)
a joint designed for the purpose of rotation, consists of a bony process protruding into space.
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Saddle joint (sellar joint)
sellar joint; one member of this is convex, like a saddle, while the other concave member "sits" on the saddle
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Hinge joint (ginglymus)
acts like a hinged door, one member rotates on that joint with a limited range, permitting only flexion and extension
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Epimysium (for muscles)
a fascia of connective tissue surrounds muscles, and muscles are endowed with a tendon to permit attachment to skeletal structure
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Agonists
muscles that move a structure, prime movers
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Antagonists
muscles that oppose a given movement
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What is a synergist?
group of muscles that stabilize structures
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Innervated
to be supplied by a single nerve
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Afferent innervation
sensory in nature
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Efferent innervation
excitatory in nature
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Motor unit
consists of one efferent nerve fiber and the muscle fibers to which it attaches. every muscle fiber will be innervated
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Muscular system
the anatomical system that includes smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle
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Skeletal system
the anatomical system that includes the bones and cartilages that make up the body
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Respiratory system
the physical system involved in respiration, incl the lungs, bronchial passageway, trachea, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity
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Phonatory system
the system including the laryngeal structures through which phonation is achieved
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Articulatory system
in speech science, the system of structures involved in shaping the oral cavity for production of the sounds of speech
144
Resonatory system
the portion of the vocal tract through which the acoustical product of vocal fold vibration resonates (usually the oral, pharyngeal, and nasal cavities combined; sometimes referring to only the nasal cavities and nasopharynx.)
