Ch.1 Defining Abnormality

Question 1

Clear Indicators of Abnormality

Answer 1

1. Subjective Distress
2. Maladaptiveness
3. Statistical Deviation
4. Violation of the Standards of Society
   5.Social Discomfort
5. Irrationality
6. Dangerousness
7. Need for treatment

Question 2

Subjective Distress

Answer 2

Psychological/ emotional pain

Question 3

Maladaptiveness

Answer 3

Interference w/ wellbeing + functioning

Question 4

Statistical Deviation

Answer 4

Statistical rareness

Question 5

Violation of the Standards of Society

Answer 5

Failure to follow conventional social + moral rules of one’s culture group

Question 6

Social Discomfort

Answer 6

Causing discomfort among other people

Question 7

Irrationality + Unpredictability

Answer 7

Can they control behavior in the right contexts

Question 8

Dangerousness

Answer 8

Could cause harm to self or others

Question 9

Need for treatment

Answer 9

Seeks professional help

Question 10

Most of the indicators of abnormal behavior can’t be defined or identified w/o ______-_____ __________.

Answer 10

Follow-up questions

Question 11

__________ plays a role in determining what is/ is not normal

Answer 11

Culture

Question 12

DSM-5

Answer 12

Diagnostic + Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (2013)

Question 13

How does the DSM-5 define Mental Disorder?

Answer 13

Clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive function associated with distress or disability

Question 14

International Classification of Diseases (By the WHO)

Answer 14

Latest Version: ICD-II
Health providers submit diagnostic codes for insurance, referencing this.
Solely mental + behavioral disorders

Question 15

Comorbidity

Answer 15

Patients normally w/ moderate to severe psychological disorders being present w/ more than one w/ overlapping symptoms

Question 16

More than __________ of people w/ anxiety disorders will meet criteria for another anxiety/ OCD/ trauma related disorder in their lifetime

Answer 16

Half

Question 17

Ideal Taxonic System

Answer 17

Yes or no, one or the other, can’t be helium and oxygen at the same time

Question 18

Categorical Classification

Answer 18

Focuses on differences between and among disorders
Either “disordered” or not
Comorbidity gets messy; Ideal classification system means mutual exclusivity
Ease of communication + current status of DSM-5 and ICD mostly

Question 19

Dimensional Classification

Answer 19

Focuses on similarities across disorders
Continuum of “normal” and “abnormal” emotions, conditions, behaviors.
Encourages more trans diagnostic work (common roots across anxiety + depressive disorders)
Complicates communication

Question 20

How does categorical classification ease communication?

Answer 20

With patients, giving them a term and then explaining it
With practitioners, having a label to know what it generally means
With insurance/ 3rd parties, having a code to submit
With the legal system (maybe), having clinical vs legal terminology

Question 21

How does dimensional classification complicate communication?

Answer 21

Gives greater flexibility for interpretation

Question 22

Possible disadvantages of Classification?

Answer 22

Losing info due to simplification
Stigma and stereotyping
Self concept impacted (good or bad)

Question 23

Certain forms of psychopathology are highly specific to certain cultures like…

Answer 23

Taijin Kyofusho in Japan (Social anxiety… offending others rather than fear of humiliation or rejection)
Ataque de nervios in Caribbean (Panic attack… seizing is a common symptom there but not here)

Question 24

Planning, performing, and funding mental health necessary… We need _____ for change to happen.

Answer 24

Data

Question 25

Mental Health Epidemeology

Answer 25

The study of the distribution of mental disorders

Question 26

Prevalence

Answer 26

# of all known active cases in a population for any given period of time (Emphasis on known, expressed in %)

Question 27

Point Prevalence

Answer 27

Estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time (E.g. on July 10th, X% of Hamilton county residents had an active covid19 diagnosis)

Question 28

1 year prevalence

Answer 28

An estimate of the # of people who experienced a disease/ syndrome at any point in time throughout the year

Question 29

Lifetime prevalence

Answer 29

An estimate of the # of people who experienced a disease/ syndrome at any point in time throughout their lives

Question 30

National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)

Answer 30

Lifetime prevalence of having any DSM-5 disorder (46.4%) Most prevalent = anxiety disorders

Question 31

Incidence

Answer 31

# of new cases in population over specified period of time (E.g July of 2020, there were X more cases reported of XYZ disease)

Question 32

Most people delay treatment for mental illness for __________ after onset. This could be because a lack of awareness of _________ or __________ for the issue. Perhaps even ____________.

Answer 32

Years; options; name; money

Question 33

Sources of Info Gathering

Answer 33

1. Case studies 2. Self-report data 3. Observational Approaches

Question 34

Case Studies

Answer 34

A specific individual is observed and described in detail over time Could be psychological or medical

Question 35

Pros and Cons of Case Studies?

Answer 35

+: lots of closely observed data and the person’s history is familiar w/ observer -: can’t generalize findings and researcher bias

Question 36

Self Report Data

Answer 36

Participants are asked to provide information about themselves through interviews or questionnaires

Question 37

Pros and cons of Self-Report Data

Answer 37

+: convenient for gathering info quickly, easily accessible and cheaper, reach a broad audience -: people want to be seen in a certain way, affecting responses

Question 38

Observational Approaches

Answer 38

Collecting info based on subjects’ outward behaviors and/or biology

Question 39

Pros and Cons of Observational Approaches

Answer 39

+: flexibility, generalizability -: ethical considerations, potential for bias

Question 40

Internal Validity

Answer 40

Extent to which a study is methodologically sound.

Question 41

External Validity

Answer 41

Generalizability; does variable XYZ change as a result of ABC in a “real world” setting for groups of different people

Question 42

The more focus on internal validity, ___________ __________ goes down. Researchers must prioritize based on the question.

Answer 42

External validity.

Question 43

Criterion group

Answer 43

People w/ disorder being studied

Question 44

Comparison/ Control Group

Answer 44

People w/o disorder but are compatible to criterion

Question 45

Correlational Research Designs

Answer 45

Studying patterns of the world as they are

Question 46

Statistical Significance

Answer 46

Probability that correlation is random chance P<.05 More variability in smaller samples

Question 47

Effect size

Answer 47

Compares statistical significance across studies w/ different sample sizes and studies the strength of relationship

Question 48

Meta-Analysis

Answer 48

Plug and chug effect sizes of different studies Looking at overall trends/ effect sizes across studies

Question 49

Experimental Method

Answer 49

Studying efficacy in treatment Single case experimental designs

Question 50

To draw conclusions about causality, we must resolve questions of _________________. Scientists control all factors except ___________ _________ and actively manipulate it.

Answer 50

Directionality; Independent Variable

Question 51

I’d the dependent variables changes as the independent variables changes, it is regarded as a ______________ of the change. (Well designed study assumed)

Answer 51

Cause

Question 52

Single Case Experimental Design

Answer 52

Same individual studied over time Behavior assessed before and after treatment and intervention with an ABAB design Case studies are more observational

Question 53

Animal Research

Answer 53

Ethical debates exist, though there are sophisticated animal research boards that observe research