CH1: part 2

Question 1

Research goals

Answer 1

-determine reliable pattersn
-determine causal influences
-predict behavior
-implement interventions

Question 2

Systematic observation types

Answer 2

-naturalistic observations (qualitative)
-structured observations (quantitative)

Question 3

Self reports types

Answer 3

-interviews, questionnaries

Question 4

Methods of gathering info

Answer 4

systematic observation, self-reports, etc.

Question 5

What is reliability

Answer 5

It measures consistently over time

Question 6

Test retest reliabilty

Answer 6

same response over time

Question 7

Interrater reliabilty

Answer 7

Clear and universal definitions of rating behavior
Ex: what a 2 on a 10 scale looks like

Question 8

Validity

Answer 8

measures what was intended

Question 9

ecological validity

Answer 9

accurate representation of what goes on in the world

measures intent
-you can increase it by doing field experiments

Question 10

internal validity

Answer 10

-the likelihood of causal relationship (only IV affects DV)

Question 11

General reseach design types

Answer 11

correlational, experimental, modified experimental designs

Question 12

Correlational

Answer 12

-magnitude: beween 0 to 1, closer to 1 is stronger relationship
Direction: + or -,
-positive=diret correlation, negative= inverse corelation

Question 13

Expermiental design types and differences

Answer 13

Independent:
-experimenter changes or manipulates
-expected to cause change in another variable

Dependent:
-experimenter measures but does NOT manipulate
-expected to be influenced by the independent variable

Question 14

Modified Experimental Designs types and descriptions

Answer 14

Field experiments
-use rare opportunities for natural assignments in natural settings
-deliberately introduce change into a person’s natural enviornment
-observe, adjust, observe
-increase ecological validity

Natural experiment
-compare differences in treatment that already exist
-groups chosen to match characteristics as much as possible
-no intervention, quasi experiment

Question 15

Designs for studying development

Answer 15

longitudinal, cross sectional, sequential, microgenetic

Question 16

Longitudinal reserach

Answer 16

same participants studied repeatedly at differnt ages

Question 17

Cross sectional

Answer 17

people of differing ages all studied at the same time

Question 18

Sequential

Answer 18

groups of different aged people studied repeatedly as they age

Question 19

Microgenetic

Answer 19

same participant studied repeatedly over a short period as they master a task

Question 20

Children’s research rights

Answer 20

protection from harm, informed consent, privacy, knowledge of results, beneficial treatments

Question 21

Why do we need statistics?

Answer 21

To determine reliable differences among groups
-measures of central tendency and variability
-generalization and predictability
-predicting for groups vs individuals