Ch.1 Reading quiz

Question 1

psychology is the science of the _ and _

Answer 1

mind and behavior

Question 2

objective evidence

Answer 2

evidence not influenced by an observers feeling or interpretations

Question 3

The mind is defined as

Answer 3

the mental events the brain creates such as thinking and feeling

Question 4

to learn about the brain we work ___

Answer 4

backwards

Question 5

examples of outward signs people display that we can observe

Answer 5

facial expressions and size of pupils

Question 6

behavior is defined as

Answer 6

observable acts of a person either alone or in a group

Question 7

physical movements can be___

Answer 7

both voluntary and involuntary

Question 8

The 3 levels on analysis

Answer 8

1) the brain
2) the person
3) the group

Question 9

level of analysis: the brain

Answer 9

-focuses on the activity of the brain and the structure and properties of the organ itself
-ex. brain cells and their connections, hormones, and genes

Question 10

level of analysis: the person

Answer 10

-mental events, contents, and functions
-2 groups
1) mental contents : knowledge, beliefs, and desires
2) mental processes: consists of sets of operations that work together to carry out a function: attention, perception, and memory

Question 11

level of analysis: the group

Answer 11

-focuses on the ways groups of people share a mind and behavior
-groups affect an individuals mind and behavior
-how the entire group forms a culture

Question 12

the physical world

Answer 12

-all our mental events and behaviors take place and are influenced by a specific physical environment

Question 13

events at different levels are constantly ___ and trigger each other

Answer 13

interacting

Question 14

Psychology has borrowed a lot of theories form what?

Answer 14

philosophy

Question 15

human knowledge comes from__

Answer 15

experience of the world

Question 16

the ways we interpret information from our senses…

Answer 16

operation of perception, memory, and problem solving

Question 17

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 17

-founder of psychology
-work let to structuralism

Question 18

structuralism

Answer 18

-the first school of thought
-describes the rules that determine how sensations or feelings occur at the same time
-primary research tool is introspection

Question 19

introspection

Answer 19

-looking within or mental imaging

Question 20

functionalism

Answer 20

-addresses levels of person and group
-influenced by Charles Darwin’s idea of adaptations
-applied his ideas to mental characteristics
-Ex. paying attention can aid in survival

Question 21

Gestalt Psychology (GP)

Answer 21

-an approach to understand mental events that focus on the idea that “the whole is more important that the parts”
-mental processes influence mental contents

Question 22

(GP) a lot of our thoughts come from what we ___

Answer 22

perceive

Question 23

Psychodynamic Theory (PT)

Answer 23

-Sigmund Freud is father of theory
-the mind is several different components, some components are unconscious
-relies on subjective interpretations

Question 24

psychodynamic is defined as

Answer 24

the continual push and pull interaction among conscious and unconscious forces

Question 25

subjective interpretations

Answer 25

-what people say and do -impossible to test

Question 26

Behavioralism

Answer 26

-the power of environment -concentrates on understanding observable behavior -focuses of how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response ( called stimulus- response associations) -level of the person -key is reinforcement

Question 27

stimulus- response associations

Answer 27

-focuses of how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response

Question 28

reinforcement

Answer 28

- a reward or desirable consequence after responding to something in a particular way

Question 29

humanistic psychology

Answer 29

-school of psychology -assumes people have positive values, free will, and creativity -all individuals have unique experiences -client rather than patient

Question 30

The cognitive revolution

Answer 30

-gave birth to cognitive psychology -characterizes the nature of human information processing -used a computer as a model for the way the mind works -the mind is like software (store data) and the brain is the hardware (the machine itself)

Question 31

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 31

-certain cognitive strategies and goals are so important that natural selection has built them into our brain -Darwin's theory of natural selection

Question 32

natural selections has given us goas and strategies such as...

Answer 32

lying and deceiving others

Question 33

Psychology today

Answer 33

-mix of different sorts of psychology

Question 34

clinical and counseling psychology (CP)

Answer 34

-trained to provide therapy and to administer and interpret tests -helps patients overcome destructive behaviors and replace them with healthy ones

Question 35

psychotherapy is the process of...

Answer 35

helping people learn to change so they can cope with troublesome thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Question 36

counseling psychologist

Answer 36

-trained to help people with issues that naturally arise during the course of life

Question 37

psychiatrist

Answer 37

has special training in mental disorders

Question 38

social workers

Answer 38

-use psychotherapy to help families or help clients to sue the social system in their communities

Question 39

psychiatric nurse

Answer 39

-provides therapy and works with medical doctors to monitor and administer medications

Question 40

academic psychology

Answer 40

-focuses on teaching and conducting research

Question 41

applied psychologists

Answer 41

-use principles, findings, and theories of psych to improve products and procedures

Question 42

social psychologist

Answer 42

teaches how people think and feel about themselves and other people and how groups function

Question 43

personality psychologist

Answer 43

researches and teaches individual differences in preferences and inclinations

Question 44

physiological psychologist

Answer 44

researches and teaches the nature of the brain and brain-body interactions

Question 45

human factors psychologist

Answer 45

-improve products

Question 46

industrial/ organizations psycholigist

Answer 46

applies psychology in the workplace

Question 47

sport psychologist

Answer 47

-improve athletic performance

Question 48

educational or school psychologist

Answer 48

applies psychology to improve cognitive, emotional, and social development of schoolchildren

Question 49

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 49

-first woman to become president of the American psychological association

Question 50

the scientific method is a way to ...

Answer 50

gather facts that will lead to the formulation and validation of a theory

Question 51

the scientific method (SM) has how many steps?

Answer 51

6 ( orphans quizzed hotdogs, thus twenty toppled)

Question 52

SM step 1

Answer 52

(observing events) -begins with objectively and systematically observing events -a lot of data gained and compared

Question 53

SM step 2

Answer 53

(question) -finding a question to answer -can come from many sources

Question 54

SM step 3

Answer 54

(hypothesis) -educated guess and idea that might explain a set of observations

Question 55

variable

Answer 55

-an aspect of a situation that can vary or change and is measurable

Question 56

SM step 4

Answer 56

(testing hypothesis) -to test a hypothesis scientists make 2 types of observations 1)directs addresses the object of study and measures how many times something happens 2)indirectly addresses the object of study as the nature of thoughts and feelings

Question 57

operational definition

Answer 57

-definition of a concept that specifies how its measured or manipulated

Question 58

SM step 5

Answer 58

(theory) -focuses on the underlying reasons why certain relationships may exist in data

Question 59

theory

Answer 59

concepts or principles that explain a set of research

Question 60

SM step 6

Answer 60

(testing a theory) -each time a theory makes a correct prediction the theory is supported and each time it fails the theory is weakened

Question 61

prediction is...

Answer 61

-a hypothesis that follows from a theory which is confirmed if the theory is correct

Question 62

all steps of the scientific method...

Answer 62

1)systematic observation 2)formulate a question to guide the investigation 3)hypothesis to form relationship between variables 4)test hypothesis 5)have a theory to explain relationship 6)test the theory

Question 63

naturalistic observation

Answer 63

-collect data from real world settings as they naturally occur

Question 64

case studies

Answer 64

-scientific study that focuses on a single participant and their psychological characteristic

Question 65

Surveys

Answer 65

-a set of questions that people are asked -inexpensive way to collect a lot of data -must be carefully worded as to not lead them a certain way

Question 66

correlation research

Answer 66

-study the relationships between variables -ex. height and weight -correlation number

Question 67

correlation number

Answer 67

-ranges from -1 to 1 which indicates how closely related 2 variables are -the higher the number (- or +) the more they are related

Question 68

experimental research

Answer 68

-relies on experiments -independent and dependent variable -examines the link between the 2 variables

Question 69

independent variable

Answer 69

-the variable changed or varied

Question 70

dependent variable

Answer 70

-the variable unchanged and only observed -depends on the independent

Question 71

an effect is...

Answer 71

the difference between the value of the dependent that arises from the changes in the IV

Question 72

experimental vs control group

Answer 72

-experimental: receives complete procedure -control: same as experimental except the independent is not manipulated

Question 73

-random assignment

Answer 73

-assign participants randomly -E or C

Question 74

-quasi experimental group

Answer 74

-similar to experimental but participants are not randomly assigned to groups -conditions are often selected not created (real world)

Question 75

Meta analysis

Answer 75

-statistical technique that allows researchers to combine results from different studies on the same topic to discover a relationship

Question 76

sample

Answer 76

group that is drawn from a larger population and is measured or observed

Question 77

population

Answer 77

-entire set of relevant people or animals -always have variation -samples drawn will never be the same

Question 78

reliability

Answer 78

-means consistency

Question 79

validity

Answer 79

-valid of it is what it claims to be

Question 80

Bias

Answer 80

-when conscious or unconscious beliefs, expectations, or habits alter how participants respond or how a researcher sets up the study -influences outcomes

Question 81

response bais

Answer 81

-tendency to respond in a particular way regardless of their actual knowledge or beliefs

Question 82

sampling bias

Answer 82

-occurs when participants are not chosen at random but instead are chosen so that an attribute is either overrepresented or underrepresented

Question 83

experimenter expectancy effects

Answer 83

-occurs when and experimenters expectations lead them to treat participants in a way which encourages them to produce a result -ex. Hans the horse