Ch.10

Question 1

Accommodation

Answer 1

Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience

Question 2

Adolesence

Answer 2

transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years

Question 3

assimilation

Answer 3

Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into the current knowledge structures

Question 4

attachment

Answer 4

the strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest

Question 5

average expectable environment

Answer 5

environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline

Question 6

blastocyst

Answer 6

ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven’t yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part

Question 7

cognitive development

Answer 7

study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember

Question 8

Cohort effect

Answer 8

effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample of growing up at the same time

Question 9

concrete operations stage

Answer 9

stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only

Question 10

contact comfort

Answer 10

positive emotions afforded by touch

Question 11

conservation

Answer 11

Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same

Question 12

cross-sectional design

Answer 12

research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

Question 13

developmental psychology

Answer 13

study of how behavior and mental processes change over the life span

Question 14

egocenturism

Answer 14

inability to see the world from others perspectives

Question 15

embryo

Answer 15

-2-8 weeks of prenatal development
-limbs, facial features, major organs take form

Question 16

emerging adulthood

Answer 16

period of life between the ages of 18-25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solidified

Question 17

empty-nest syndrome

Answer 17

alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from home

Question 18

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 18

condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, delays in growth, facial malformations, and behavioral disorders

Question 19

fetus

Answer 19

-week 9-birth or prenatal development
-all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change

Question 20

formal operations stage

Answer 20

in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now

Question 21

gender identity

Answer 21

individuals sense of being male or female

Question 22

gender role

Answer 22

set of behaviors that tend to be associated with being a man or woman

Question 23

gene-environment interaction

Answer 23

situation in which effects of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

Question 24

identity

Answer 24

our sense of who we are and our life goals and priorities

Question 25

longitudinal design

Answer 25

research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

Question 26

menarche

Answer 26

start of menstruation

Question 27

menopause

Answer 27

termination of menstruation, marking the end of a females reproductive potential

Question 28

midlife crisis

Answer 28

supposed phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth

Question 29

mono-operation bias

Answer 29

drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure

Question 30

motor behavior

Answer 30

bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles

Question 31

nature via nurture

Answer 31

tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create an environment that permit the expression of those genes

Question 32

object permanence

Answer 32

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

Question 33

prenatal

Answer 33

prior to birth

Question 34

preoperational stage

Answer 34

Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience but not yet perform operations on them

Question 35

primary sex characteristic

Answer 35

a physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes

Question 36

psychosocial crisis

Answer 36

dilemma concerning an individuals relations to other people

Question 37

puberty

Answer 37

the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce

Question 38

scaffolding

Answer 38

vygoskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in child's learning but gradually remove structures as children become more competent

Question 39

Secondary sex characteristic

Answer 39

a sex-differentiating characteristic that doesn't relate directly to reproduction -breasts enlargement in females and deepened make voices

Question 40

seneorimotor stage

Answer 40

stage in piagets theory characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally

Question 41

spermarche

Answer 41

first ejaculation by males

Question 42

stranger anxiety

Answer 42

fear of strangers developing at 8 or 9 months

Question 43

temperment

Answer 43

basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin

Question 44

teratogen

Answer 44

an environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development

Question 45

theory of mind

Answer 45

ability to reason about what other people know or believe

Question 46

zone of proximal development

Answer 46

phase of learning which children can benefit from instruction

Question 47

zygote

Answer 47

fertilized egg