Ch.10: Emotion & Motivation Flashcards
(41 cards)
What is Emotion?
An immediate, specific negative or positive response to environmental events or internal thoughts.
Plutchik
Argued for 8 basic emotions in center wheel, 8 secondary emotions in the outer wheel
Primary Emotions
Innate, Evolutionary adaptive & characteristic of all humans
Ex: anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt.
Secondary Emotions
Blends of primary emotions
Ex: remorse, guilt, submission, shame, love, bitterness, jealousy
Source of emotional impact
It is primarily our non-verbal behavior that conveys our emotions-displayed particularly through our faces
Expressed Emotion
- Emotions are expressed on the face
- People everywhere can recognize at least 7 basic emotions.
- Huge difference in how they are displayed across cultures
Emotions are made of: Physiological arousal
Example (you just won $10,000 in the slot machines in Las Vegas) : Jump, shout, heart races, wave of joy in your brain
Emotions are made of: Cognitive interpretation
Example (you just won $10,000 in the slot machines in Las Vegas) : Conscious recognition of what just happened. OMG! I won! Good Fortune!
Emotions are made of: Subjective feelings
Example (you just won $10,000 in the slot machines in Las Vegas) : You feel very happy (remember times you won something and you associate that with happiness.)
Emotions are made of: Behavioral Expression
Example(you just won $10,000 in the slot machines in Las Vegas) : Danced around the room, told your friends, bought everyone a drink, called your mom, kissed the machine.
Where do our emotions come from?
-Initial fear of being hit broadside by the bus
emotional response is immediate: internal response, heart rate jumps, scream
-Gut-level responses linger after danger passes
suggests emotion operates on conscious and unconscious levels
The emotional brain
The amygdala is one of the most important brain structures for processing emotion. Before sensory information reaches the amygdala, it passes through the thalamus. From the thalamus, it may travel through the visual cortex or auditory cortex. When sensory info reaches the thalamus, it can take 2 paths. The fast path (from the thalamus to the amygdala) and the slow path (from the thalamus, through the visual/auditory cortex to the amygdala)
The commonsense View
Observe -> feel -> behave/respond
1st comes conscious awareness then comes physiological activity.
James-Lange Theory
See -> Respond -> Feel
Cannon-Bard Theory
See -> Respond & Feel (at the same time)
- Can be afraid in absence of a genuine threat
- Can make yourself emotional by just thinking about something (test anxiety, stage fright)
Shachter SInger Two-Factor Theory
See -> Respond -> Label -> Feel
- Argues that our physiology and our cognitions create emotions
- Your belief (interpretation) of what caused the moetion will determine how you experience and label the emotion.
- Potential for misattribution of our emotions
Emotional Intelligence
- Certain “smarts” to understand and control one’s emotions
- Four components of EQ: perceiving emotions, using emotions, understanding emotions, managing emotions
Polygraphs
- It measures physiological response to questions
- Breathing & heart rate
- Highly controversial: courts do not allow polygraph results as evidence, banned in the private sector
- Innocent people are often falsely classified as being deceptive
- Cannot tell whether a response is due to lying, nervousness, or anything else arousing.
- Easy to pass if you use countermeasures like counting backwards by sevens or pressing your feet to the floor during critical questions
Motivation
It takes many forms, but all involve mental processes that select and direct our behavior
- Sensing a NEED or desire
- Taking ACTION to satisfy need/desire
- When need/desire/want is met, REDUCING THE SENSATION of need/desire/want
How are people motivated?
-Close correspondence between emotion/motivation
(feeling + action -> adaptive for survival)
4 essential qualities of motivational states:
- energize/stimulate to activate behavior
- Directive by guiding behavior toward satisfying specific goals or needs
- Help in persistence of behavior till goals achieved or needs satisfied.
- But also… states differ in strength, depending on internal & external forces.
Motivation
- Observable behavior connected to internal states ( see someone eating; we become hungry- assume hunger drive at work)
- Accounts for variability in behavior (a basketball player scores well one game but not the next - we say he or she was “unmotivated”
- Explains perseverance despite adversity (You get to work on time, despite car trouble)
- Relates biology to behavior (Bodily functions create motivational states)
Instinct Theory
Biological processes motivate behavior; innate factors
(bird migration, fish schooling)
-biologically based behaviors -> survival
Drive Reduction Theory
Needs produce drives that motivate behavior till drive reduced; restore balance (hunger/thirst)
Need (for water/food) -> Drive (hunger/thirst) -> Drive-reducing behaviors (eating/drinking)
Freud’s Arousal Theory
- Motivation originates in the depths of unconscious mind (sex and aggression)
- drives are satisfied according to the pleasure principle, which encourages seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
- Hedonism: human’s desire for pleasantness.
