Ch11-Ch12 Vocab Quiz

Question 1

agriculture

Answer 1

the process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade

Question 2

climate

Answer 2

the long-term weather patterns in a region

Question 3

Subsistence Agriculture

Answer 3

the primary goal of subsistence agriculture is to grow enough food or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and his or her family

Question 4

Commercial Agriculture

Answer 4

The primary goal of the commercial farmer is to grow enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell for profit.

Question 5

Intensive agriculture

Answer 5

practices in which farmers or ranchers use large amounts of inputs (i.e. energy, fertilizers, labor, machinery, etc) to maximize yield

Question 6

Extensive agriculture

Answer 6

practices in which fewer amounts of the inputs are used and typically results in less yield

Question 7

capital

Answer 7

money invested in land, equipment, and machines

Question 8

intensive subsistent agriculture

Answer 8

form of agriculture is often labor and animal intensive

Question 9

intensive commercial agriculture

Answer 9

heavy investments in labor and capital used which results in high yields and profits

Question 10

extensive commercial agriculture

Answer 10

type of farming uses low inputs of resources but has the goal of selling the product for profit

Question 11

extensive subsistent agriculture

Answer 11

few inputs are used in this type of agricultural activity

Question 12

pastoral nomadism

Answer 12

this type of subsistent extensive agriculture is practiced in arid and semi-arid climates throughout the world

Question 13

shifting cultivation

Answer 13

subsistence extensive farming, farmers grow crops on a piece of land for a year or two. when soil loses fertility, they move to another field (new fields)/

Question 14

plantation

Answer 14

a large commercial farm that specializes in one crop

Question 15

mixed crop and livestock farming

Answer 15

large-scale mixed crop and livestock farming is an intensive commercial integrated system that demonstrates an interdependence between crops and animals.

Question 16

grain farming

Answer 16

in regions too dry for mixed crop agriculture, farmers often raise wheat

Question 17

commercial gardening

Answer 17

typical fruits and vegetables grown in the US include lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, and tomatoes

Question 18

market gardening

Answer 18

when fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, restaurants

Question 19

dairy farming

Answer 19

dairies were local farms that supplied products to customers in a small geographic area

Question 20

milk shed

Answer 20

the geographic distance that milk is delivered

Question 21

mediterranean agriculture

Answer 21

practiced in regions with hot, dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigation. Transhumance is practiced*

Question 22

transhumance

Answer 22

the seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer to lower elevations and valleys in the winter

Question 23

livestock ranching

Answer 23

livestock ranching is the commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area

Question 24

clustered settlements

Answer 24

nucleated settlements*, had groups of homes located near each other in a village and fostered a strong sense of place and often shared of services, such as schools

Question 25

dispersed settlements

Answer 25

patterns in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the country side

Question 26

linear settlements

Answer 26

buildings and human activities are organized close to a body of water or along a transportation route

Question 27

metes and bounds system

Answer 27

England*, metes were used for short distances and often referred to features of specific points, bounds covered larger areas and were based on larger features, such as streams or roads

Question 28

Public Land Survey System (township and range system)

Answer 28

created rectangular plots of consistent size, government organized land into townships, areas six miles long and six miles wide. each square mile, or section, consisted of 640 acres, and it could be divided into smaller lots, such as half sections or quarter sections

Question 29

section

Answer 29

each square mile

Question 30

townships

Answer 30

areas six miles long and six miles wide

Question 30

french long-lot system

Answer 30

farms were long, thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river

Question 31

first (neolithic) agricultural revolution

Answer 31

origin of farming, marked by the domestication of plants and animals. majority subsistence farming (farmers consumed crops they raised using simple tools and manual labor)

Question 32

animal domestication

Answer 32

hunters in Cen. Asia were probably the first to domesticate animals. they raised dogs and horses for protection work, transportation, or as a food source… what is this defining?

Question 33

plant domestication

Answer 33

growing crops probably began after domestication of animals. people first used vegetative planting, or using parts of the stem or roots of existing plants to grow others… what is this defining?

Question 34

independent innovation

Answer 34

crops and animals were domesticated in multiple regions with seemingly no interaction among the people

Question 35

Columbian Exchange

Answer 35

global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas

Question 36

fertile crescent

Answer 36

the first major hearth of agriculture

Question 37

second agricultural revolution

Answer 37

began in 1700s, used the advances of the industrial revolution to increase food supplies and support population growth

Question 38

Enclosure Acts

Answer 38

series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use

Question 39

crop rotation

Answer 39

the technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land* in order to restore nutrients back into the soil

Question 40

irrigation

Answer 40

process of applying controlled amount of water to crops using canals, pipes, sprinklers systems, or other human-made devices

Question 41

third agricultural revolution

Answer 41

born out of science, research, and technology. revolution that expanded mechanization of farming, developed new global agricultural systems, and used scientific and information technologies to further previous advances in agricultural production

Question 42

green revolution

Answer 42

the advances in plant biology of the mid-20th century, Dr Norman Borlaug*

Question 43

hybridization

Answer 43

process of breeding two organisms that have desirable characteristics to produce a single seed with both characteristics

Question 44

genetically modified organism (GMO)

Answer 44

a process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed