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A&P Ch.12, 14, & 13 > Ch.12 > Flashcards

Ch.12 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous system?

A

Includes all of neural tissue outside CNS

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2
Q

What is the Sensory (afferent) Division?

A

Carries sensory info from sensory receptors in peri tissue & organs to CNS

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3
Q

What is motor (efferent) division?

A

Carries motor commands from CNS to PNS effectors (away from brain & spinal cord)

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4
Q

What is somatic nervous system?

A

Controls voluntary & involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle

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5
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

What is the autonomic nervous system?

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6
Q

What is the sympathetic division?

A

Fight or flight (heart rate increases)

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7
Q

What is parasympathetic division?

A

Resting & digesting (heart rate decreases)

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8
Q

What is enteric nervous system?

A

Brain of gut

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9
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

Time period from beginning of action potential to return to resting state, which then membrane will not respond normally to additional stimuli

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10
Q

What is Absolute Refractory Period?

A

All voltage gated Na+ are already open or inactived (membrane cannot respond)

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11
Q

What is Relative Refractory Period?

A

Na+ channels regain their resting condition & continues until membrane potential gets close to resting potential

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12
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Maintain blood & brain barrier

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13
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Form myelin sheath around axons of CNS neurons

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14
Q

What is myelin?

A

Fatty material that insulates axons of neurons

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15
Q

What is internodes?

A

Myelinated axons (multiple layers)

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16
Q

What are nodes?

A

Unmyelinated axons (no multiple layers)

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17
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Produce,motor, & circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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18
Q

What is microglia?

A

Migrate through nervous tissue,cleaning up cellular debris,waste products & pathogens

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19
Q

Satellite cells?

A

Surround & protect neurons cell bodies in ganglion

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20
Q

Schwann cells?

A

Surround & protect axons (myelinated)

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21
Q

Regions of CNS that is white matter is………

A

Many myelinated axons

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22
Q

Regions of gray matter are………..

A

Cell bodies, unmyelinated axons

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23
Q

When a cell is at REST…….

A

FEW Na+ move into cell, & MANY K+ move out of cell

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24
Q

Resting membrane is……

25
Passive force?
3 Sodium enters cell & 2 potassium leaves cell
26
Active force?
3 sodium leave cell & 2 potassium enter cell
27
If gated sodium channels are open then?
they are depolarization & more positive
28
If gated sodium channels are closed then?
They are repolarizes & resting
29
If gated potassium channels are open then?
They are hyper-polarization & more negative
30
What are graded potentials?
Changes in membrane potential which can be triggered by opening Na+ or K+ gates
31
What are gated channels?
Closed when cell is at rest, open & close in response to specific stimuli
32
What are chemical gated channels?
Open in response to chemical stimuli
33
What are mechanically gated channels?
Open in response to physical distortion in the cell membrane
34
What are voltage-gated channels?
Open in response to changes in membrane potential (Found in excitable membrane)
35
What is propagation?
Unidirectional movement of an action potential along an axon
36
What is continuous propagation? (Occurs in unmylinated axons)
Affects the axon sequentially, action potential travels slowly at 1 m/sec
37
What is saltatory propagation? (Occurs in myelinated axons)
Myelin insulates axon,prevents continuous propagation, faster and uses less energy & jumps
38
What are type A fibers?
Large diameter & myelinated, carries most critical, time-dependent info: sensory info about things that threaten survival & motor commands to skeletal muscle that prevent injury
39
What are Type B fibers?
Medium diameter & myelinated, carries non-urgent sensory info & control of peripheral effectors such as smooth & cardiac muscles & glands.
40
What are type C fibers?
Small diameter & unmyelinated, transmits info slowly, also carries non-urgent sensory info & control of peripheral effectors such as smooth & cardiac muscles and glands
41
What is a presynaptic neuron?
Sends the message
42
What is the postsynaptic cell?
Receives the messages
43
What is a neuromuscular junction?
Muscle cell
44
What is neuroglandular junction?
Gland cell
45
What are electrical synapses?
Direct physical contact between communicating cells
46
What is the chemical synapses?
Signal transmitted across a synaptic cleft by neurotransmitters
47
What is the synaptic delay?
A time delay of 2 to 5 secs occurs between arrival of action potential at axon terminal & effect on postsynaptic membrane
48
What is the synaptic fatigue?
Neurotransmitters cannot be recycled fast enough to meet demands of intense stimuli
49
What are neurotransmitter?
Chemical messagers contained within synaptic vesicles in axon terminal of presynaptic cell
50
What are excitatory neurotransmitters?
Causes depolarization of postsynaptic membranes, & promotes action potentials
51
What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?
Cause hyper-polarization of postsynaptic membranes, & suppress action potentials
52
What is gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)?
Releases in the CNS that can reduce anxiety
53
What are neuromodulators?
Can change rate of neuron transmitters and response to neurotransmitters
54
What are opioids?
Neuromodulators in the CNS that relieve pain
55
What is Nitric Oxide (NO)?
released by axon terminals that interact with smooth muscles in walls of blood vessels
56
What is carbon monoxide (CO)?
Minor neurotransmitters in the brain
57
What is Acetylcholine (Ach)?
Very common neurotransmitter in CNS & PNS, also called cholinergic synapses
58
What is facilitation?
brings cell closer to threshold, More likely to reach threshold
59
What is inhibition?
Brings cell farther away from threshold, less likely to reach threshold

A&P Ch.12, 14, & 13 (3 decks)

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