Ch12: Pharmacology

Question 1

what is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 1

the effect a drug has on the body

Question 2

what is an agonist?

Answer 2

a medication that stimulates the receptors

Question 3

what is an antagonist?

Answer 3

a medication that inhibits a receptor

Question 4

what does the ‘action’ of a medication mean?

Answer 4

the therapeutic effect of the medication on the body

Question 5

what is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 5

the processes that the body performs on a medication from absorption, distribution to elimination

Question 5

what are the pharmacokinetic factors of a drug?

Answer 5

PEDO HAHAHA

Peak = the point when maximal clinical effects of a drug is achieved
Elimination = how the body breaks down and gets rid of medications
Duration = how long is the clinical effect
Onset of action = the time between administration and desired effect

Question 6

what is the therapeutic effect of a drug?

Answer 6

the desired or intended effect of a medication on the body

Question 7

what are unintended (adverse) effects?

Answer 7

effects that are undesirable but pose little/no risk

Question 7

what are adverse effects?

Answer 7

any actions of a medication other than the intended action

Question 7

what are untoward (adverse) effects?

Answer 7

effects that can be harmful to the patient

Question 8

what do “contraindications” mean in the context of pharmacology?

Answer 8

reaons or conditions for which a medication should NOT be given to a patient

Question 8

what are contraindications for nitroglycerin?

Answer 8

severe hypotension
erectile dysfunction medication was taken within 24h (it also dilates blood vessels)
if blood pressure is below 100mmHg = NO NEED

Question 9

what is a contraindication for taking aspirin?

Answer 9

suspected head bleed
recent internal bleeding e.g. stomach ulcers (contact medical control)

Question 10

what is a relative contraindication of epinephrine?

Answer 10

glaucoma

Question 11

what do “indications” mean in the context of pharmacology?

Answer 11

reasons or conditions for which a medication is given

Question 12

what are the indications for aspirin?

Answer 12

heart attack
pain or fever (rmb medicinal chem!)

Question 13

what are is the indication for nitroglycerin?

Answer 13

angina (chest pain caused by reduced flow of blood to the heart). nitroglycerin relaxes blood vessel walls, allowing more blood flow (which is why severe hypotension is a contraindication)

Question 14

what is the indication for diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

Answer 14

allergic reaction

Question 15

what is the intended effect of diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

Answer 15

blocks action of histamine in an allergic reaction

Question 16

what are two unintended effects of diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

Answer 16

1) dry mouth
2) drowsiness

Question 17

what is an untoward effect of diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

Answer 17

increases pressure in the eye

Question 18

what is a contraindication of diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

Answer 18

asthma (as it can worsen lower airway constriction)

Question 19

what is a trade name?

Answer 19

a brand name given to a medication by a manufacturer (begins with a capital letter).

a medication may have multiple trade names depending on how many companies manufacture it.

Question 20

is nitroglycerin a generic or trade name?

Answer 20

generic

Question 21

What is the generic name of Advil, Nuprin and Motrin?

Answer 21

ibuprofen

Question 22

Parenteral routes of administration

Answer 22

other ways than through the digestive system

Question 22

Enteral routes of administration

Answer 22

through the digestive system

Question 22

prescription vs. over-the-counter (OTC) medicine

Answer 22

prescription medicine = medicine that can only be obtained with a physician's order OTC medicine = medicine that can be obtained from a pharmacist without a physician's order

Question 23

what is absorption in terms of medicine administration?

Answer 23

the process of medicines traveling through tissues until they reach the bloodstream

Question 24

examples of enteral administration routes

Answer 24

by mouth (PO) sublingual (SL) per rectal (PR)

Question 25

examples of parenteral administration routes

Answer 25

intravenous (IV) intraosseous (IO) - into bone marrow inhalation intranasal intramuscular subcutaneous transcutaneous

Question 25

why and when to deliver a medication orally (PO)?

Answer 25

non-invasive many patients prefer taking medication orally than with needles less costly than parenteral (no need needles)

Question 26

disadvantages of PO administration

Answer 26

absorption rate is variable, for example if the patient vomits some medications may be destroyed by stomach acid

Question 26

why and when to use PR (per rectal) administration?

Answer 26

when patient can't swallow or is unconscious usually in children as they like to regurgitate their medicines medicine not destroyed by stomach acid

Question 27

examples of substances that cannot be administered through IV

Answer 27

oxygen aspirin albuterol (in inhalers)

Question 28

why and when to use intravenous (IV) administration?

Answer 28

when medications need to enter bloodstream immediately

Question 29

why and when use IO (intraosseous) administration?

Answer 29

IO is used when IV is not possible because it is painful, it is usually done in unconscious patients or those with cardiac arrest or extreme shock

Question 30

when and why use IM (intramuscular) administration?

Answer 30

when cannot locate an appropriate vein already in auto-injector (e.g. epi Pen)

Question 31

when and why use inhalation administration?

Answer 31

medication works in lungs minimize harmful events

Question 32

when and why use sublingual (SL) administration?

Answer 32

medication destroyed by stomach acid

Question 33

when is transcutaneous administration used?

Answer 33

when chemical can be absorbed from surface of skin into tissue (topical), longer lasting effect

Question 34

explain the risks of transcutaneous patches with young children

Answer 34

the patches usually contain high doses of medication so it can cause an overdose in infants and children if they accidentally bite on it

Question 34

how to use intranasal administration?

Answer 34

liquid medication aerosolized in a mucosal atomizer device (MAD) and administered to nostril

Question 35

Medicine administration cross-check procedure?

Answer 35

"Med check." "Ready" "I am going to give [medication] at [dose] through [route]" "Contraindications?" "None" "Give it"

Question 36

peer-assisted medication

Answer 36

the administering of medication to yourself or your partner (e.g. after exposure to a specific agent)

Question 37

patient-assisted medication

Answer 37

helping a patient administer THEIR OWN medication (e.g. EpiPen, nitroglycerin, MDI bronchodilator)

Question 37

EMT-administered medication

Answer 37

medication given to a patient by an EMT such as oxygen, oral glucose, nitroglycerin and aspirin

Question 38

what to do if a medication error occurs

Answer 38

1) treat asap 2) tell medical control 3) follow local protocols and document thoroughly and honestly

Question 39

max number of nitroglycerin tablets to take

Answer 39

3

Question 40

what kind of medications end with -pril

Answer 40

ace inhibitors that help manage bp, by vasodilation