CH.14,15,16 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
Society designates adulthood at what age?
A
18-end of life
2
Q
Age 20-40. Optimal physical function and intellectual reasoning
A
Early (young) Adulthood
3
Q
Normal age-related changes in physical functioning begins Ages 40-65
A
Middle Adulthood
4
Q
Normal age- related changes, chronic illness & disease can compound changes. Ages (65 & up)
A
Late Adulthood
5
Q
In 2000, average life expectancy for baby born in the US was..
A
74.1 Males 79.5 Females
6
Q
Bone loss ______ after menopause due to ________ estrogen.
A
accelerates. decreasing.
7
Q
Bone loss that exceeds that of “normal” aging
A
Osteoporosis
8
Q
True/ False Prior to Menopause women lose ~1% bone mass per year Men lose .5% per year
A
true
9
Q
Acts as a shock absorber b/w joints
A
cartilage
10
Q
provides surface for the sliding and rolling b/w joints
plays essential role for bone growth and development
A
Cartilage
11
Q
With aging cartilage _____ and ____ is disrupted
A
Lubrication and nutrition
-resulting in dehydration, poor nutrition, and increased degradation of weight bearing surfaces
12
Q
With aging in cartilage ______ and _____occurs
A
- Thinning: especially articular cartilage, crack, fray, shred by 30
- Crystal formation and calcification: increase friction with joint movement & contribute to osteoarthritis
13
Q
Muscle Atrophy: app. __% of muscle strength will be lost b/w ages 50-70
A
30%
14
Q
Age related decline in muscle mass and thereby muscle strength
A
Sarcopenia
15
Q
Decrease in knee extension strength beginning in what decades
A
3rd and 4th (20s and 30s)
16
Q
Middle aged and older men and women can benefit from…
A
resistance training/strength training
17
Q
Changes in neuromuscular innervation and ability to activate existing muscles may lead to…
A
decrease muscle strength in older adults
18
Q
ages 40-65, period in which physiologic effects of aging begin
A
middle adulthood
19
Q
Compounded by sedentary lifestyle adopted
A
Middle Adulthood
20
Q
Sedentary Lifestyle:
A
Middle Adulthood: time demands of work and family contribute to lack of exercise= weight gain
-taking care of self less priority
21
Q
Energy requirements decline after age _
A
- intake not usually decreased enough; this along with normal age related changes result in weight gain
22
Q
Changes being at age __ with a decrease in ___ vision happening in everyone.
A
age 40. near vision
23
Q
Two changes in the eye take place
External:
Internal:
A
External: increased wrinkling, decrease tear secretion
Internal: corneal changes
24
Q
Condition where the lens of the eye become opaque
A
cataracts
25
Vision Decreases:
- lens transparency
- amount of light contacting the eye
- number of macular neurons
26
Causes problems with accommodation
Presbyopia
27
- image focused on the retina. deterioration of ciliary muscle action
- increase sensitivity to light and glare
Accommodation
28
Buildup of cerumen within the ear, causing impaction and diminished hearing/ buildup of earwax
Conductive hearing loss
29
Degeneration of auditory vestibular (balance) and supporting hair cells 4th decade (30s)
Sensorineural Hearing
30
Affects sensitivity to sound, speech comprehension, and maintenance of equilibrium
Sensorineural Hearing
31
Functional hearing loss in ___% of adults at the end of ___
25% at the end of middle adulthood (65 yrs)
32
Decline in olfaction and changes in taste buds may lead to a decrease in ____ of food, resulting in either ______ or ______
decrease in the enjoyment of food, resulting in overeating, or malnutrition (can't taste keep eating/ grazing to satisfy)
33
Ability to process novel information (new information)
fluid intelligence
| fluid intelligence peaks at age 20 then progressively declines
34
Ability to apply knowledge gained over time and by experience
Crystallized intellegence
35
_____ Intelligence improves throughout middle adulthood and older adulthood
Crystallized Intellegence
36
Incorporates skills that are practiced and automatic
| -ability to type, play instrument,
Implicit memory
| less affected in adulthood than explicit
37
knowledge about the world and facts and figures that can be detailed verbally
ex. memorizing muscle attachments
Explicit memory
38
where past events are associated with present events
| -declines with age due to not retaining or manipulating information (new)
Working memory
| forgotten more quickly
39
Four primary forms of occupation in adulthood
- work
- play
- leisure
- self care
40
Who experience highest levels of stress
Youngest adults (18-40)
41
Stress associated with increased blood levels of homocyteine
Homocyteine: chemical associated with the development of heart disease
42
Self Care: Health management
Routines for physical fitness, nutrition, decreasing health risk behaviors and medication
43
Biggest health concerns in middle age (40-65)
cardiovascular disease and cancer
44
Leading cause of death for men and women in middle and young adulthood
cardiovascular disease
| hypertension increases risk of cardiovascular disease
45
- poorly defined goals
- likes to compete constantly
- desire for recognition
- mental and physical alertness
- in control
- cynical
- "monica from friends"
Type A
| heart disease
46
- anxious
- supresses emotions
- fatigued
- distressed personality
- high risk of CHD
- negative attitude
- distressed personality
- highest risk type
Type D
| heart attack
47
relates to a multitude of diseases involving uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells that invade healthy normal tissue and may result in death
cancer
48
According to the american cancer society
| _ out of 10 americans develop cancer at some point of their lives
4
49
77% of cancers are diagnosed in individuals ages..
55 and older
50
Prevalence greater for prostate cancer but
morbidity greater in breast cancer
| more cases of prostate, but more people dying of breast cancer
51
1 out of 10 males develop this cancer
| african americans are twice as likely to die
prostate cancer
52
Personality type is more likely to develop cancer
Type C
| Belief that unexpressive negative emotion weaken the immune system
53
Healthy with a decreased risk for cancer
Type B
54
- optimistic
- healthy
- capable of meeting own needs and others
- self supportive
- enthusiastic
- active
Type B
55
- Suppresses Emotions
- repressed
- self sacrificing
- helpless
- fatigued and depressed
- higher cancer risk
Type C
56
parents of their own children and adult child of a parent (caring for parents and children at same time)
Sand which generation
57
Stevens and Commons
Low point in martial satisfaction
high alcoholism
heightened awareness of aging
Midlife Crisis
58
thought experiencing "midlife crisis" really was experiencing
"stressful life events"
59
truely experiencing midlife crisis
- reality of aging
| - passage of time
60
Transition to adulthood
| career selection, mate selection, and assumption of community responsibilities
Ages 16-24
61
Major life decisions are made without much life experience upon which to base them
Transition to adulthood
62
Peak physical status and optimal health
Ages 19- 26
63
college students believe they personally would probably never have health problems, regardless of health-compromising behaviors
they understand what constitutes healthy behaviors. "will not happen to me"
64
High risk behaviors 19-26
Risky sexual behavior
| alcohol and drug abuse
65
Many young adults push bodies too far because
can bounce back from stress & exertion
66
Risk taking behavior in transition years
Alcohol consumption and heavy drinking highest
| Highest percentage of traumatic spinal cord injuries and traumatic brain injuries
67
Youths lacking role models and productive daily routines more likely to use and abuse
alcohol and drugs
68
15- 24 being highest risk
higher males than females
motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence
spinal cord injuries and traumatic brain injuries
69
hypothesis that a childhood history of physical abuse predisposes a person to violence in later years. victims higher chance of becoming violent
theory of the cycle of violence
70
Childhood experiences such as sexual abuse, serious illness of a close person, or major loss events can adversely impact
development of mature coping skills and emotional strength
71
peak cognitive development and intellectual efficiency
Young adulthood
72
Foundation for abstract reasoning and mature coping
Young adulthood
73
____look for absolute truth, while ___ consider problem in the context by which it is presented
Adolescents / adults
74
Ability to think in a manner less constrained by the need to find a single answer
Transition from hypothetical to pragmatic (realistic, practical) thought
young adulthood
75
TRUE OR FALSE
| Different areas of brain mature at different rates (seen on MRI)
True
76
Differences in frontal lobe maturation between adolescents and adults may help explain differences in judgment, degree of impulsivity, coping skills, and problem-solving ability
Difference in myelination Prefrontal cortex matures at 24.
77
Ginzberg’s
| Fantasy period
early and middle childhood
| "want to be ballerina, doctor like mommy"
78
Ginzberg
| Tentative period
adolescence, consider skills, expense
| Don't like science then shouldnt be a doctor
79
Realistic career exploration
Late adolescence
| part time job, volunteer work
80
Experimentation period
young adult, career category
| get a job in general field ex. health care field
81
Crystallization
vocational choice w/in category
82
Holland’s personality type theory
Emphasizes the notion of “fit” between personality and career selection
Useful for career and guidance counselors
83
Hollands
- investigative
- social- women
- realistic
- artistic- women
- conventional enterprising- women
- police, scientist
- healthcare, mental health counselor
- mechanics, plumbers
- writing, music, art
- bankers, lawyers
84
Sexual activity identified as ADL
| True or False
True
85
True or Flase:Variety of sexual orientations not considered abnormal
True
86
Manner in which partner is chosen and roles of participating individuals is influenced by
culture and social class
87
Lower s-e class marry
younger than middle class
88
Steps leading to marriage
Dating, courtship, and engagement
89
```
Feelings of powerlessness
Passive-aggression
Neuroticism
Suspicion
Chemical abuse
```
Characteristics of unsuccessful marriage
90
serves a period where at least one couple is is considering marriage, values, religious beliefs, family relationships and long term goals are considered prior to engagement
Courtship
91
- allow ind. to learn more about himself or herself
- identify persons compatible with own goals values and personality
- develop personal interest
- lays out groundwork
- enhances status
Dating
92
- strengthens the relationship
- refines one's own social world through union of two families
- preparation of married life
- in depth assessment of compatibility
Engagement
93
Depression
Borderline pathologies
Hostility, defensiveness, and aggression
Characteristics of unsuccessful marriages
94
Divorce rate in the United States hovers over
50%
95
Predictors of relationship low satisfaction
HIGH alcohol consumption
| sexual abuse in childhood
96
Can be rooted in positive factors, such as focus on career, or negative factors, such as insecurity or fear of intimacy
Deciding not to get married
97
Cohabitating relatively common in Western society, especially same sex couples
no formal marriage
| same sex- not legally recognized
98
Desirable and undesirable parenting practices perpetuated
Decision to have children
99
- experiencing stimulation and fun child adds to life
- giving and receiving warmth and affection
- accepted as a responsible mature member of community
- carry on after one's death
- sense of accomplishment helping child grow
- add meaning to life
- having offspring to add income to family resources
advantages of parenting
100
- loss of freedom
- financial strain
- worries child health, safety, well being
- bringing child plagued in a world of crime war and pollution
- child will turn out badly with no one to blame
Disadvantage of parenting
101
born between 1946 and 1964
Baby Boomers
| 30% of population
102
Fastest growing segment of population is
OVER 85 age group
103
Study ran in 1997 using twins
it demonstrated that twins reared apart share less than 35% inheritability of lifespan
Environment and lifestyle accounted for the 65% observed variance
Finch and Tanzi
104
Rowe & Kahn 3 components of successful aging
- Low probability of disease and disease-related disability
- High cognitive and physical functional capacity
- Active engagement with life
105
oExercise and activity delays and diminishes almost all age related changes to
Cardiovascular and pulmonary system
106
- delays changes to musculoskeletal system
- keeping or increasing flexibility and mobility
- decreasing the amount of bone mineral loss
Exercise
107
- supports healthy cartilage by increasing nutritional fluid exchange
- decreasing risk of vertebral compression fractures through practicing spinal extension
Exercise
108
- bone mineral content
- cartilage water content
- flexibility(20-30% loss AROM)
- stability and mobility
Decrease with normal aging
109
fight mineral loss
Resistive exercise or therapy
110
decrease risk of vertebral compression fractures
weight training
111
Exercise reduces all declines in metabolic category except
Total body water content in metabolic system
112
Age Related Cardiovascular Changes
Increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure
113
The two most prevalent cardiovascular diseases associated with age
Hypertension and Coronary artery Disease
114
- Increase in vascular stiffness
- Increase in arterial wall thickness
- Less blood able to exit the heart
High Blood pressure and aging
115
Pulmonary System declines around age
age 60
116
Changes of the pulmonary System usually does not have a noticeable effect on function until
8th decade (70's)
117
Beginning at the age of 30
| Increase of body fat with decrease of lean body mass. This can cause:
- decrease in Basal Metabolic Rate
| - energy requirements to decline= more weight gain
118
Body changes cause
```
Decreased glucose tolerance
Non-insulin dependant diabetes
-Type 2
Hypercholesterolemia
-Elevated cholesterol in the blood
Atherosclerosis
-Thickening of artery walls due to fatty plaque
Hypertension
```
119
Body changes can be reversed with
exercise
120
Osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease are characterized by
Atrophy (waste or loss of) and degeneration of articular cartilage. can get to bone against bone
121
Water content decreases with aging
Loss of normal viscosity in synovial fluid
122
- If ROM lost, nutritional exchange to articular cartilage reduced
- Joint vulnerable to degenerative changes, especially weight bearing joints
Water content decreases with aging
123
Stretching and exercise improve
flexibility
124
Increased collagen fiber cross-linking seen with age and inactivity and causes
decreased mobility of joint structures and increased stiffness
125
Changes in posture with aging.
Height of disk decreases
Disks contribute 20-30% of spinal column height
"shrinking"
126
Promotion of good posture alignment important to prevent spinal damage and deformities
Back extension exercises
127
most noticeable physical change of aging
Muscle Atrophy:Loss of lean muscle mass (& inc in body fat and connective tissue)
128
Gait
Stride becomes wider to improve stability
Step length becomes smaller
safety adaptations
129
Gait mediated by neuromuscular system.
- Mild rigidity & less body motion prox vs distally
- Stride becomes wider to improve stability
- Step length becomes smaller
130
Normal aging process results in changes in the brain & components of the CNS
there are NO significant neurologic impairments that can be attributed completely to the aging process
131
Aging brain remains plastic
individuals can continue to gain & retain complex skills
132
Normal changes that do occur with age do not result in significant neurologic impairment & fail to show any associated neurologic deficit that can be completely attributed to aging.
true
133
loss of brain mass occurs in
-Myelinated structures of white matter (Myelin decreases and the integrity of the myelin is impaired)
134
important for the rapid, accurate, and effective transmission of neural signals
Myelin
135
Compromised myelinated structures account for
-slowing of psychomotor speed, increased processing time required for complex information , and transmission of motor responses
136
Presbyopia
Unable to focus on nearby objects
glare and light changes problematic for older adults
tear secretion decrease 40%
137
Most common visual problem in older adults
Presbyopia
138
.-Degenerative or developmental opacity of lens
Cataracts
139
Vision loss by damage to the optic nerve
| preventable
Glaucoma
140
One of the leading causes of blindness on people over 35 y/o
Glaucoma
141
Gray shadows in the center of visual field.
least treatable
Limits activity participation and use of electronics
Macular degeneration
142
Bilateral, symmetrical, progressive high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss
Presbycusis
143
Memory impairment/loss can happen to normal healthy adults due to
fatigue, stress etc
144
Memory impairment/loss is more common
in the elderly than in younger adults
145
always abnormal, and in the elderly a red flag for dementia
Confusion
146
Psychomotor Functions: Decreased abilities to manipulate small objects
and time increases up to 40% by age 70
147
impact on ADLs and IADLs by late adulthood
Decrease in speed, precision, and flow can have profound impact
148
Depression
Most widespread cause of activity limitation
| amongst the elderly
149
- attributed to series of losses
- health problems
- elderly people tend to have anxiety and depression together
depression
150
under-identified in elderly
| - symptoms are hidden by other health problems
depression
151
New pattern identified
Simultaneously retired and working
| Increased participation rates of women in the labor force
152
At age 55 the average number of paid working hours is
lowered
153
Voluntary retirees demonstrated
higher occupational status, income, health, and life satisfaction
154
Involuntary retirees
exhibited signs of poor adaption
155
Many elders continue to work in some capacity
Active lifestyle contributes to psychological well being
- Both renumerative employment and volunteer
activities
