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Microbio 2302 > Ch.14 Principles of Disease & Epidemiology Part 1 > Flashcards

Ch.14 Principles of Disease & Epidemiology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Pathology

A

is the cause & effects of disease

communicable or not communicable

occurrence

incidence & prevalence of disease

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2
Q

Define Etiology

A

cause of disease

Ex: Koch postulates, fever,
feeling tired

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3
Q

define pathogenesis

A

the manner in which disease develops

extent of infection
severity of disease
host resistance or susceptibility -> predisposing factors

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4
Q

define bodily changes

A

structural/functional changes to disease
Sign & symptoms

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5
Q

define virulence

A

severity of disease ( how serious it is)

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6
Q

define pathogenicity

A

the ability of a pathogen to cause disease

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7
Q

infectious disease cycle

A
  1. microbial pathogen enters reservoir (habitat of the pathogen)
  2. transmission: infection someone
  3. susceptible host
  4. enters host
  5. Met with host barriers
  6. invade host
  7. damage host
  8. pathology
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8
Q

what is normal microbiota?

A

bacteria you acquire at birth which you acquire more of as you develop

does not cause harm

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9
Q

define transient microbes:

A

the microbes that are present in an animal for a short time w/o causing disease.

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10
Q

What can determine the distribution and composition of the normal microbiota?

A

NUTRIENTS,
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL FACTORS, DEFENSES OF THE HOST, MECHANICAL FACTORS

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11
Q

what are the physical and chemical factors that impact normal microbiota?

A

-Temperature
-pH
-available Oxygen
-CO2
-Salinity
-Sunlight

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12
Q

what is the purpose of normal microbiota?

A

prevent the overgrowth of harmful microbes (called Microbial Antagonism or Competitive Exclusion)

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13
Q

define competitive exclusion

A

growth of some microbes prevents the growth of other microbes

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14
Q

what is microbial antagonism?

A
  • involves competition among microbes.
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15
Q

how does normal microbiota protect the host?

A

by competing for NUTRIENTS

producing SUBSTANCES HARMFUL to the invading microbes

affecting conditions such as pH and available OXYGEN.

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16
Q

describe the relationship between the host and normal microbiota.

A

the symbiotic relationship between host & normal microbiota

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17
Q

explain commensalism

A

One organism benefits and the other is UNAFFECTED

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18
Q

explain mutualism

A

benefits BOTH organisms

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19
Q

explain parasitism

A

one organism benefits by deriving nutrients at the expense of the other
-many disease-causing bacteria

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20
Q

what are opportunistic pathogens?

A

ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person, but may do so in a different environment
(Asymptomatic carriers)

Ex: Microbes that gain access through broken skin or mucous membranes can cause opportunistic infections

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21
Q

what are primary pathogens?

A

disease-causing pathogens that are not a part of the normal microbiota

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22
Q

Explain the process of Koch’s postulates:

A
  1. microorganisms are isolated from diseased animal

2a: the microorganisms are grown in pure culture

2b: the microorganism are identified

  1. The microorganisms are injected into a healthy laborer animal
  2. disease is reproduced in lab animal

5a. microorganism is isolated from this animal and grown in pure culture

5b. Microorganisms are identified

  1. the microorganism from the diseased host caused the same disease in a laboratory host
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23
Q

what were Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. The same pathogen present in all cases
  2. isolation of the pathogen from diseased host to obatin pure culture
  3. pure culture isolates to cause disease in susceptible host
  4. re-isolate pathogen from 2nd host; confirm same as from the first host
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24
Q

Koch believed what?

A

the pathogen is only present in diseased animal

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25
Q

what were Koch’s postulate exceptions?

A

healthy individuals could be carriers: be infected and show no symptoms

culturability of the microbe: some cannot be grown in a lab

similarity of symptoms of disease and the same disease caused by multiple pathogens

the same pathogen causing different disease conditions

viral agents

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26
Q

what are symptoms classified as?

A

subjective(cannot measure)
ex: malaise, headache, dry throat

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27
Q

what are signs classified as?

A

objective (measurable, visible
ex: fever rash swelling

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28
Q

what is a syndrome?

A

a group of signs/ symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular abnormality or condition (genetic)

ex: down syndrome, Asperger’s

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29
Q

what are communicable diseases?

A

can directly/ indirectly spread from host to host
typically have vaccines for it

ex: measles, chickenpox, flu, STDs

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30
Q

what are contagious diseases?

A

easily spread from person to person

ex: plague, cold, pink eye

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31
Q

what are non-communicable diseases?

A

do not spread from host to host
ex: tetanus

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32
Q

what is incidence?

A

number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular period

(indicated spread of disease)

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33
Q

what is prevalence?

A

number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared

(old & new cases; indicated seriousness of the disease)

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34
Q

what do incidence and prevalence both do?

A

enable an estimation of the range of a disease’s occurrence
its tendency to affect certain groups

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35
Q

what is the frequency of occurrence of disease?

A

sporadic
endemic
epidemic
pandemic

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36
Q

define sporadic

A

disease occurs infrequently

ex: tetanus

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37
Q

define endemic

A

the disease is always present
ex: common cold, cholera

38
Q

define epidemic

A

rapid development of disease in a specific area

39
Q

define pandemic

A

worldwide epidemic

ex: covid-19

40
Q

acute disease:

A

symptoms develop rapidly

short time frame
Ex: flu

41
Q

chronic disease:

A

disease develops slowly
longer time frame

Ex: tuberculosis

42
Q

subacute disease:

A

symptoms between acute & chronic

43
Q

latent disease:

A

disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive

ex: shingles, cold sore

44
Q

what is herd community?

A

immune individuals act as barriers to the spread of infection

advantage of vaccination: those not immune are protected

45
Q

what is a local infection?

A

limited, confined to a specific area

46
Q

what is a systemic infection?

A

spreads throughout the body via the circulatory/ lymphatic system

ex: measles

47
Q

what is a focal infection?

A

spread from local infection to specific parts of the body; teeth tonsils, sinuses

48
Q

what is a sepsis infection?

A

inflammatory condition due to the presence of toxins/bacteria in blood- spread from the focus of infection

ex: septicemia

49
Q

what is a primary infection?

A

causes initial illness (acute)
ex: cold or flu

50
Q

what is a secondary infection?

A

caused by opportunistic pathogen following primary infection
occurs when susceptible

ex: ammonia

51
Q

what is a subclinical (inapparent) infection?

A

no noticeable signs or symptoms of illness

52
Q

development of disease

A

incubation- no signs or symptoms
prodromal-mild signs or symptoms
period of illness- most severe signs & symptoms
period of decline: symptoms decrease
period of convalescentence

53
Q

what are some predisposing factors?

A

female vs males
inherited traits
climate & weather
fatigue
age
lifestyle
Chemotherapy

54
Q

what source of the disease microbes?

A

reservoir of infection

55
Q

what is an example of a reservoir?

A

humans: show symptoms of the disease or do not (carriers)

ex: HIV, STDS, Meningitis

animals: zoonoses

Ex:(rabies; Lyme disease, ebola)

nonliving: soil water
ex:tetanus, cryptospdosis, chlorea, Legionella

56
Q

what do carriers have?

A

inapparent infections or have latent disease

57
Q

what is the infection cycle?

A

is the route an organism takes from one individual to another

58
Q

how is a disease transmitted directly?

A

physical contact source & host

59
Q

how is a disease transmitted indirectly?

A

transmission via inanimate object-> fomite

60
Q

how is a disease transmitted via droplet?

A

short distance; sneezing coughing
travels <1 meter

61
Q

how do vehicles transmit disease?

A

transmit diseases via water food or air also blood drugs

62
Q

how are waterborne diseases transmitted?

A

contaminated (fecal) water

the water treatment system is compromised

63
Q

how are airborne diseases transmitted?

A

dust particles
pet dander

64
Q

how are foodborne diseases transmitted?

A

contaminated food storage @ improper temperature
undercooked food
unsanitary handling of food

65
Q

how are congenital diseases transmitted?

A

mother-> child

66
Q

what are vectors?

A

typically insects

67
Q

define mechanical transmission:

A

passive via body parts

68
Q

define biological transmisison:

A

involves parasite life cycle
specific to certain diseases

69
Q

what are healthcare-associated infections?

A

are acquired as a result of receiving treatment at a healthcare facility

70
Q

Microorganisms in hospital environment

A

opportunistic pathogens: present a danger to hospital patients

(drug-resistant and are previous types

71
Q

chain of transmission:

A

direct contact from staff or other patients; indirect( fomites, airborne)

72
Q

compromised host

A

resistance to infection is impaired by disease therapy or burns

host compromised due to broker skin or mucous membranes and suppressed immune system

73
Q

what are universal precautions?

A

to reduce the transmission of microbes in healthcare and residential settings

74
Q

what are standard precautions?

A

basic minimum applied to all levels
ex:
aseptic technique
handling of contaminated materials
frequent handwashing
use of isolation rooms and wards
use of PPE
educate staff

75
Q

what are emerging infectious diseases?

A

new or changing, show an increase in incidence in the recent past, or show a potential to increase shortly

76
Q

what can EID be caused by?

A

virus

bacterium

fungus

protozoan

helminth

77
Q

what are the criteria for identifying EID?

A

distinctive disease symptoms

improved diagnostic techniques allow ID of new pathogen

the local disease becomes widespread

the rare disease becomes common

mild disease becomes more severe

78
Q

what are the factors contributing to EIDs?

A

genetic recombination/evolution

misuse of antibiotics/pesticides

climate change

increased human transportation

ecological changes

public health failure

79
Q

what is epidemiology?

A

the study of where & when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in the population

80
Q

what is epidemiology important for

A

determining the etiology of the disease

identifying other important factors concerning the spread of disease
(demographic data, socioeconomic status; common histories)

developing methods for controlling a disease( control of reservoirs, food inspection, sewage disposal)

assembling data and graphs to outline the incidence of disease (determine disease frequency; test effectiveness of disease control (vaccination)

81
Q

what is decriptive epidemiology?

A

collection and analysis of data describing the occurrence of disease

82
Q

what did John Snow do?

A

mapped occurrence of cholera cases in London

source traced to Broad Street water pump

83
Q

what is analytical epidemiology?

A

analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause

84
Q

what did Florence Nightingale do?

A

used medical statistics to demonstrate high mortality rate due to disease (typhus) among soldiers during the war

85
Q

what is experimental epidemiology?

A

it involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments

86
Q

what did Semmelweis do?

A

handwashing decreased the incidence of childbirth fever (puerperal sepsis)

87
Q

what is case reporting?

A

health care workers report specified diseases to local, state, and national offices

ex: AIDS, meningitis, STD’s tetanus

88
Q

what is the purpose of case reporting?

A

it establishes the chain of transmission

89
Q

what are physicians required to report occurrence?

A

nationally notifiable infectious diseases

90
Q

what does the CDC do?

A

collects & analyzes epidemiological info in the U.S.

Publish morbidity & mortality weekly report (MMWR)

91
Q

what is morbidity?

A

incidence of a specific notifiable disease

92
Q

what is mortality?

A

deaths from notifiable diseases

Microbio 2302 (15 decks)

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