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Cross sectional ANATOMY > Ch.16 > Flashcards

Ch.16 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of blood flow and a vessel’s ability to perfuse a downstream organ is assessed using

A

color and spectral doppler.

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2
Q

Color doppler

A

allows for rapid identification of vessels, flow direction and high velocity jets that signify disturbance to flow

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3
Q

Duplex doppler

A

supplies both structural and functional information of a vessel.

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4
Q

Abdominal arterial system consists of

A

the segment of the aorta from the level of the diaphragm to the aorta bifurcation

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5
Q

Celia artery located

A

1-3cm below diaphragm,12th thoracic and 1st lumbar vertebrae.

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6
Q

Which renal artery is longer?

A

Right renal artery because it must pass posterior to IVC and right renal vein to enter the hilum of right kidney.

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7
Q

right renal artery is___than right renal artery

A

higher

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8
Q

Percentage of population who have anatomic variants to the mesenteric vessels, with most common an anomalous origin of right hepatic artery

A

20%

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9
Q

majority of identified replaced right hepatic artery anomalies originate as

A

a branch of the SMA

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10
Q

% of population with duplicated/accesory renal arteries

A

20%

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11
Q

Accessory renal arteries usually enter

A

upper or lower poles of kidney rather than entering the organ at the hilum.

-Are found more often on left side than right

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12
Q

Collagen fibers that make abdominal artery walls look bright are found in the

A

Tunica intima and Tunica media

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13
Q

hemodynamics

A

-defines physical factors that control blood flow within the human body
-is depending on potential,kinetic and gravitational energy as well as size, elasticity and geometry of blood vessel.

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14
Q

Theories related to fluid dynamics that have been used to gain understanding of blood flow within body

A

Poiseuille’s law,bernoulli’s law, ohm’s law and law of conversation of energy

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15
Q

Poiseulle’s law

A

predicts volume of flow in moving fluids.
-parameters used to determine impact flow include : pressure gradient, radius,length of a tube and viscosity of the fluid.

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16
Q

greater the pressure gradient ,greater the flow

A

Poiseuille’s law

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17
Q

what has greatest impact on flow?

A

the inverse relationship of the tubes radius ,because it is to the 4th power

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18
Q

Ohm’s law

A

Electrical current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely related to resistance

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19
Q

Bernoulli’s principle

A

Conservation of energy.Energy cannot be destroyed but it can altered from 1 form to another.

-In a closed system,all energy at 1 location must equal all energy in another location

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20
Q

What impacts the way blood flows within a vessel?

A

blood viscosity ,size and configuration of the vessel and smoothness of the lumen.

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21
Q

Blood flow in a normal vessel is described as

A

Laminar

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22
Q

2 types of blood laminar

A

parabolic and plug flow

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23
Q

Laminar flow is

A

described as concentric layers of blood that move parallel to each other in an orderly and predictable manner

-faster velocity in the center of vessel and slowest along vessel walls,creating bullet shaped flow profile called parabolic flow

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24
Q

Bullet shaped flow profile

A

parabolic flow

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25
Q

Plug flow is found at

A

the entrance or origin of a vessel.

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26
Q

Distributing vessels have

A

a thicker tunica media due to an increase in smooth muscles

27
Q

Conducting vessels like aorta have

A

large amount of elastic fibers that allow it to expand to propel blood forward during systole

28
Q

Have greatest amount of smooth muscle and dilate and constrict selectively to meet the metabolic needs of an organ or tissue

A

Arterioles

29
Q

capillaries are composed of

A

a single endothelial layer
smallest most numerous vessels in the body
-responsble f

30
Q

Stroke volume and cardiac output

A

impact the volume and velocity of blood flow through the body

31
Q

systole

A

forces blood out of the heart and into the conducting vessels of the circulatory system

32
Q

pressure that is stored in the artery walls propels the blood forward in

A

Diastole

33
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

controls the volume and velocity of blood flow into specific regions of the body

34
Q

primary role of arterioles

A

altering resistance

35
Q

Named the resistive component of the circulatory system

A

Arterioles

36
Q

Through ______ and_____ the arterioles alter the flow from pulsatile within larger vessels to a constant steady flow within the capillaries.

A

Through vasoconstriction and vasodilation

37
Q

Velocity of flow must____ to allow transfer of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and transport waste products into the venous system, to be returned to the heart and restart the cycle

A

Decrease

38
Q

Required to maintain the velocity of flow

A

a vast capillary network

39
Q

Pulsed doppler utilizes____to visualize the doppler signal and display physiologic date of blood flow

A

spectral analysis

40
Q

To accurately evaluate hemodynamic functions and obtain velocity information

A

an angle of intonation of 60 degrees or less with respect to the blood flow vectors and the vessel walls should be used.

41
Q

Sample volume

A

gate along with an angle correction

Obtains blood velocity, direction of flow and downstream resistance from a specific region within a specific blood vessel.

42
Q

Spectral doppler (pulsed wave)

A

has both a systolic and diastole component in its waveform

43
Q

Laminar flow is characterized by

A

an uniform systolic velocity ,a “window”,an area absent of doppler shifts under the systolic component.

44
Q

Spectral broadening

A

thickening of the velocity spectral envelope

45
Q

What can affect the peak systolic velocity of a normal aorta?

A

age, gender,body habits and cardiac output
-normal peak systolic velocity ranges from 40 to 100 cm/s

46
Q

minimal or reverse diastolic flow

A

below the baseline flow

47
Q

Celiac artery supplies

A

low resistance end organs–the liver and spleen…through the hepatic, left gastric and splenic arteries

48
Q

Hepatic artery responsible for ___ of the oxygenated blood supply to liver.

A

30%

49
Q

Low resistance organs

A

brain, eyes,liver and spleen
-demand constant blood flow to moderate their metabolic activity.

50
Q

hemodynamic flow patterns in normal renal arteries that supply healthy kidneys demonstrate

A

high diastolic flow

51
Q

vessels consistently visualized entering IVC are

A

common iliac veins, renal veins and hepatic veins

52
Q

Dilatation can also occur in the presence of

A

congestive heart failure, tricuspid regurgitation or any other condition that results in increased right atrial pressure.

53
Q

Are boundary formers within the liver, coursing horizontally toward ICV

A

Hepatic veins

54
Q

Considered the capacitive side

A

The venous side of the circulatory system.
-approximately two thirds of total blood volume is stored within veins

55
Q

the _____ in the vein has less smooth muscle than an artery

A

tunica media

56
Q

extremity veins have___

A

bicuspid valves ,which have a direct extension of the intima layer

57
Q

transmural pressure

A

determines the cross sectional shape of the veins

58
Q

high transmural pressure

A

in a fully distended state, the vein will be circular in shape and offer almost no resistance flow

59
Q

Low transmural pressure

A

vein has a partially collapsed lumen that creates a high resistance to flow.

60
Q

During inspiration,diapraghm ___
During expiration,diapraghm ____

A

descends (goes down)
Ascends

61
Q

hepatofugal

A

away from liver

61
Q

normal venous doppler signals should exhibit

A

Spontaneity,phasicity,augmentation,compency and non pulsability.

62
Q

responsible for approximately 70& of oxygenated blood supple to liver

A

portal vein and its branches

63
Q

hepatopedal

A

towards the liver.
Portal venous flow accelerates during expiration and decelerates during inspiration

Cross sectional ANATOMY (5 decks)

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