Ch.16

Question 1

Characteristics of blood flow and a vessel’s ability to perfuse a downstream organ is assessed using

Answer 1

color and spectral doppler.

Question 2

Color doppler

Answer 2

allows for rapid identification of vessels, flow direction and high velocity jets that signify disturbance to flow

Question 3

Duplex doppler

Answer 3

supplies both structural and functional information of a vessel.

Question 4

Abdominal arterial system consists of

Answer 4

the segment of the aorta from the level of the diaphragm to the aorta bifurcation

Question 5

Celia artery located

Answer 5

1-3cm below diaphragm,12th thoracic and 1st lumbar vertebrae.

Question 6

Which renal artery is longer?

Answer 6

Right renal artery because it must pass posterior to IVC and right renal vein to enter the hilum of right kidney.

Question 7

right renal artery is___than right renal artery

Answer 7

higher

Question 8

Percentage of population who have anatomic variants to the mesenteric vessels, with most common an anomalous origin of right hepatic artery

Answer 8

20%

Question 9

majority of identified replaced right hepatic artery anomalies originate as

Answer 9

a branch of the SMA

Question 10

% of population with duplicated/accesory renal arteries

Answer 10

20%

Question 11

Accessory renal arteries usually enter

Answer 11

upper or lower poles of kidney rather than entering the organ at the hilum.

-Are found more often on left side than right

Question 12

Collagen fibers that make abdominal artery walls look bright are found in the

Answer 12

Tunica intima and Tunica media

Question 13

hemodynamics

Answer 13

-defines physical factors that control blood flow within the human body
-is depending on potential,kinetic and gravitational energy as well as size, elasticity and geometry of blood vessel.

Question 14

Theories related to fluid dynamics that have been used to gain understanding of blood flow within body

Answer 14

Poiseuille’s law,bernoulli’s law, ohm’s law and law of conversation of energy

Question 15

Poiseulle’s law

Answer 15

predicts volume of flow in moving fluids.
-parameters used to determine impact flow include : pressure gradient, radius,length of a tube and viscosity of the fluid.

Question 16

greater the pressure gradient ,greater the flow

Answer 16

Poiseuille’s law

Question 17

what has greatest impact on flow?

Answer 17

the inverse relationship of the tubes radius ,because it is to the 4th power

Question 18

Ohm’s law

Answer 18

Electrical current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely related to resistance

Question 19

Bernoulli’s principle

Answer 19

Conservation of energy.Energy cannot be destroyed but it can altered from 1 form to another.

-In a closed system,all energy at 1 location must equal all energy in another location

Question 20

What impacts the way blood flows within a vessel?

Answer 20

blood viscosity ,size and configuration of the vessel and smoothness of the lumen.

Question 21

Blood flow in a normal vessel is described as

Answer 21

Laminar

Question 22

2 types of blood laminar

Answer 22

parabolic and plug flow

Question 23

Laminar flow is

Answer 23

described as concentric layers of blood that move parallel to each other in an orderly and predictable manner

-faster velocity in the center of vessel and slowest along vessel walls,creating bullet shaped flow profile called parabolic flow

Question 24

Bullet shaped flow profile

Answer 24

parabolic flow

Question 25

Plug flow is found at

Answer 25

the entrance or origin of a vessel.

Question 26

Distributing vessels have

Answer 26

a thicker tunica media due to an increase in smooth muscles

Question 27

Conducting vessels like aorta have

Answer 27

large amount of elastic fibers that allow it to expand to propel blood forward during systole

Question 28

Have greatest amount of smooth muscle and dilate and constrict selectively to meet the metabolic needs of an organ or tissue

Answer 28

Arterioles

Question 29

capillaries are composed of

Answer 29

a single endothelial layer smallest most numerous vessels in the body -responsble f

Question 30

Stroke volume and cardiac output

Answer 30

impact the volume and velocity of blood flow through the body

Question 31

systole

Answer 31

forces blood out of the heart and into the conducting vessels of the circulatory system

Question 32

pressure that is stored in the artery walls propels the blood forward in

Answer 32

Diastole

Question 33

Peripheral resistance

Answer 33

controls the volume and velocity of blood flow into specific regions of the body

Question 34

primary role of arterioles

Answer 34

altering resistance

Question 35

Named the resistive component of the circulatory system

Answer 35

Arterioles

Question 36

Through ______ and_____ the arterioles alter the flow from pulsatile within larger vessels to a constant steady flow within the capillaries.

Answer 36

Through vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 37

Velocity of flow must____ to allow transfer of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and transport waste products into the venous system, to be returned to the heart and restart the cycle

Answer 37

Decrease

Question 38

Required to maintain the velocity of flow

Answer 38

a vast capillary network

Question 39

Pulsed doppler utilizes____to visualize the doppler signal and display physiologic date of blood flow

Answer 39

spectral analysis

Question 40

To accurately evaluate hemodynamic functions and obtain velocity information

Answer 40

an angle of intonation of 60 degrees or less with respect to the blood flow vectors and the vessel walls should be used.

Question 41

Sample volume

Answer 41

gate along with an angle correction Obtains blood velocity, direction of flow and downstream resistance from a specific region within a specific blood vessel.

Question 42

Spectral doppler (pulsed wave)

Answer 42

has both a systolic and diastole component in its waveform

Question 43

Laminar flow is characterized by

Answer 43

an uniform systolic velocity ,a "window",an area absent of doppler shifts under the systolic component.

Question 44

Spectral broadening

Answer 44

thickening of the velocity spectral envelope

Question 45

What can affect the peak systolic velocity of a normal aorta?

Answer 45

age, gender,body habits and cardiac output -normal peak systolic velocity ranges from 40 to 100 cm/s

Question 46

minimal or reverse diastolic flow

Answer 46

below the baseline flow

Question 47

Celiac artery supplies

Answer 47

low resistance end organs--the liver and spleen...through the hepatic, left gastric and splenic arteries

Question 48

Hepatic artery responsible for ___ of the oxygenated blood supply to liver.

Answer 48

30%

Question 49

Low resistance organs

Answer 49

brain, eyes,liver and spleen -demand constant blood flow to moderate their metabolic activity.

Question 50

hemodynamic flow patterns in normal renal arteries that supply healthy kidneys demonstrate

Answer 50

high diastolic flow

Question 51

vessels consistently visualized entering IVC are

Answer 51

common iliac veins, renal veins and hepatic veins

Question 52

Dilatation can also occur in the presence of

Answer 52

congestive heart failure, tricuspid regurgitation or any other condition that results in increased right atrial pressure.

Question 53

Are boundary formers within the liver, coursing horizontally toward ICV

Answer 53

Hepatic veins

Question 54

Considered the capacitive side

Answer 54

The venous side of the circulatory system. -approximately two thirds of total blood volume is stored within veins

Question 55

the _____ in the vein has less smooth muscle than an artery

Answer 55

tunica media

Question 56

extremity veins have___

Answer 56

bicuspid valves ,which have a direct extension of the intima layer

Question 57

transmural pressure

Answer 57

determines the cross sectional shape of the veins

Question 58

high transmural pressure

Answer 58

in a fully distended state, the vein will be circular in shape and offer almost no resistance flow

Question 59

Low transmural pressure

Answer 59

vein has a partially collapsed lumen that creates a high resistance to flow.

Question 60

During inspiration,diapraghm ___ During expiration,diapraghm ____

Answer 60

descends (goes down) Ascends

Question 61

hepatofugal

Answer 61

away from liver

Question 61

normal venous doppler signals should exhibit

Answer 61

Spontaneity,phasicity,augmentation,compency and non pulsability.

Question 62

responsible for approximately 70& of oxygenated blood supple to liver

Answer 62

portal vein and its branches

Question 63

hepatopedal

Answer 63

towards the liver. Portal venous flow accelerates during expiration and decelerates during inspiration