CH.17 Alcohols, esters and carboxylic acids Flashcards
(24 cards)
conditions, product and equation for
electrophilic addition of steam to an alkene
concentrated phosphoric (V) acid catalyst
ethanol
conditions, product and equation for
oxidation of alkenes to form an alcohol
cold, dilute, acidified, potassium manganate (VII)
diol
conditions, product and equation for
nucleophilic substitution of a halogenoalkane
heated with NaOH
alcohol and Na’halogen’ ex, NaBr
conditions, product and equation for
reduction of an aldehyde
reducing agents like NaBH4 or LiAlH4
primary alcohol
conditions, product and equation for
reduction of a ketone
reducing agents like NaBH4 or LiAlH4
secondary alcohol
conditions, product and equation for
reduction of a carboxylic acid
reducing agent LiAlH4
or H2/Ni and heat
alcohol
conditions, product and equation for
hydrolysis of an ester with a dilute acid
heat
(in the equation both carboxyl and hydroxyl formed separately)
conditions, product and equation for
hydrolysis of an ester with a dilute alkali
heat
(in the equation the carboxylic acid formed reacts with the metal in the alkali so show that in the equation)
alcohol also formed
combustion
colour of ethanol burnt, equation
ethanol burns with a clean blue flame in a good supply of air
What happens during substitution to form a halogenoalkane using a hydrogen halide
the -OH group is replaced by a halogen
halogenoalkane and water formed
hydrogen halide is the reactant
How to form hydrogen bromide for substitution reactions
potassium bromide and concentrated phosphoric (or sulfuric) acid will give HBr required (pg.341)
condition, product for
Substitution of chlorine into alcohol (sulfur dichloride oxide)
sulfur dichloride, SOCl2 used to substitute chlorine
pg.341
Substitution reaction of phosphorus halides to provide halogens for substitution reaction with alcohols
chloroalkanes
give the equation along with the reactant used
bromoalkanes and iodoalkanes
phosphorus (V) chloride, PCl5
phosphorus (III) chloride, PCl3
requires heating
Pbr3 or PI3 warmed with alcohol
alcohol with sodium metal
(write an equation with ethanol)
O-H bond broken
a basic ionic compound formed, sodium alkoxide and hydrogen
type of reaction, conditions, product, equation for
esterification
condensation reaction
heat with concentrated sulfuric acid (catalyst)
ester formed
first part alcohol, second part carboxylic acid
the ex. acid used, the product, the equation for
acid hydrolysis of an ester
dilute sulfuric acid
carboxylic acid + alcohol
reversible reaction
the ex. alkali used, the product, the equation for
alkali hydrolysis of an ester
aqueous sodium hydroxide
not reversible reaction
alcohol and sodium salt formed (carboxylic acid reacts with sodium)
type of reaction, conditions, product, equation for
dehydration of alcohols
elimination reaction of water
aluminium oxide powder with heat (concentrated acid works too)
alkenes
conditions, product, equation for
oxidation of primary alcohols
potassium dichromate (VI) (K2Cr2O7), acidified with dilute sulfuric acid
mild oxidation- aldehyde
strong oxidation- carboxylic acid (same conditions)
heat and distil off aldehyde
conditions, product, equation for
oxidation of secondary alcohols
potassium dichromate (VI) (K2Cr2O7), acidified with dilute sulfuric acid
heat mixture under reflux
ketones formed
cannot be further oxidised
potassium dichromate (VI) (K2Cr2O7) colour change
orange to green
with primary and secondary alcohol the colour will turn from orange to green
tertiary no reaction/no change
used to test if alcohol is primary or tertiary
condition, the equation for
carboxylic acids made from nitriles
nitrile refluxed with dilute HCL
products and equations for
carboxylic acid reaction with
alkali
reactive metals
carbonates
salt and water
salt and hydrogen gas
salt, water and carbon dioxide gas
condition, product, equation for
reduction of carboxylic acid
reducing agent LIAlH4 in dry ether at room temperature
primary alcohol
