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HLSC 126 > Ch.2 Cell Metabolism + Death > Flashcards

Ch.2 Cell Metabolism + Death Flashcards

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1
Q

Messy cell death

A

Necrosis

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2
Q

What happens with necrosis

A
  1. Cell swells
  2. Organelles fall apart
  3. Harm neighbor cells
  4. Inflammatory response
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3
Q

Tidy cell death

A

Apoptosis

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4
Q

What happens with Apoptosis

A
  1. Cells shrink
  2. Cells break into tiny blebs
  3. Neighbors are unharmed
  4. Remains eaten by immune cells
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5
Q

Anabolism

A

Breaks ATP. Is a endergonic rxn that uses energy anytime something is synthesized

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6
Q

What does anabolism involve

A
  1. Biosynthesis
  2. Dehydration (-H2O)
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7
Q

Catabolism

A

Makes ATP exogenic rxn that releases anergy when glucose is used to make ATP

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8
Q

What does catabolism involve

A
  1. Degrative
  2. Hydrolytic (+H2O)
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9
Q

How is mitochondria involved with cell metabolism

A
  1. Major site of ATP production
  2. Contains enzymes for: Citric acid cycle + electron transport chain
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10
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical rxns

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11
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate, adenosine + sugar

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12
Q

What are the steps to make ATP in a cell

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric Acid Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
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13
Q

Glycolysis

A

Chemical process that breaks glucose into pyruvic acid molecules

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14
Q

Steps in glycolysis

A

Glucose goes in, follows the 10 steps (Generates 2 ATP- glucose pieces picked up by vit b)

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15
Q

What does glycolysis produce

A

2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

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16
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

Requires O2, takes 2 pyruvic acid from glycolysis into 8 biochemical rxns

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17
Q

What does the citric acid cycle produce

A

8 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP

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18
Q

Electron Transport Train

A

Requires O2, series of rxns in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Largest source of ATP

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19
Q

What does the electron transport chain produce

A

34 ATP

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20
Q

How much ATP is produced by the sequences

A

38 ATP -2 for transport = 36 ATP

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21
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Thin layer of lipids and proteins that are the outer boundary of the cell (Phospholipid Bilayer)

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22
Q

What does the plasma membrane do

A
  1. Controls movement in and out of cell
  2. Participates in the joining of cells
  3. Has a role in the response to environmental changes
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23
Q

What is the Phospholipid Bilayer made of

A

Made of two alcohol and phosphate heads and a fatty acid tail, follows a fluid mosaic model

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24
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane

A
  1. Cell identification markers
  2. guides cells to designated areas
  3. Allow for growth and create boundary’s
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25
What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane
1. Stabilize membrane over a range of temps 2. Prevent fatty acids from crystalizing 3. Contribute to cell fluidity
26
Functions of the membrane proteins
1. Span across membrane to form channels across the lipid bilayer 2. Carrier molecules 3. Docking marker acceptors 4. Membrane bound enzymes 5. Receptor sites 6. Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) 7. Important for cells to recognize "self" in cell to cell reactions
27
Functions of the lipid bilayer
1. Forms the basic structure of the membrane 2. Forms a barrier to water-soluble substances
28
Function of membrane carbohydrates
1. Self-identity markers 2. Contain surface markers used during tissue growth
29
Aerobic
Has O2 Can go through all 3 cycles Net ATP= 36
30
Anaerobic
Has no O2 Only goes through Glycolysis Net ATP= 2
31
Cell-to-cell adhesions
Bind tissues + pack them into organs held together by 3 means
32
What are the 3 cell to cell adhesions
1. Junctions 2. Extracellular Matrix 3. CAMs
33
What are the 3 junctions
1. Tight junctions 2. Desmosomes 3. Gap Junctions
34
What makes up the Extracellular matrix
Collagen Elastin Fibronectin
35
What are CAMs
Cadherins + integrins
36
What is a cadherin
cell membrane proteins that mediate cell to cell adhesions
37
What is an integrin
Allows cells to bind to the extracellular matrix
38
Desmosomes
anchor junction strongest impenetrable forms a cytoplasmic plaque to indicate where it begins zipper together with cadherins
39
Where are desmosomes
Heart, uterus, skin
40
Tight junctions
Firmly bind adjacent cells seal off the path between cells prevent undesirable leaks between layers semipermeable
41
where are tight junctions
in sheets of epithelium blood, brain barrier (BBB)
42
Gap junctions
small connecting tunnels communicating junctions
43
Where are gap junctions
anywhere that has a tract cardiac + smooth muscles thyroid, pancreas, liver, ovaries
44
Membrane transport properties
-cell membrane is selectively permeable -the relative solubility of molecules in lipids -particle size
45
Unassisted Membrane transport
-Osmosis -Diffusion
46
Assisted membrane transport
Carrier mediated -facilitated diffusion -active transport -vesicular transport
47
Osmosis
Net diffusion of H2O down a concentration gradient H-L (no energy)
48
Isotonic
Solution with an osmolarity equal to that of normal body fluids
49
Hypotonic
Solution with an osmolarity lower than normal body fluids
50
Hypertonic
Solution with an osmolarity higher than normal body fluids
51
Diffusion
molecules move down a concentration gradient H-L (no energy)
52
What is diffusion used for
-exchange of O2 +CO2 -movement of substances through kidney tubules
53
Ficks law of diffusion
-Concentration gradient -permeability of membrane to substance -surface area of membrane -molecular weight of substance -distance diffusion takes place
54
Ficks law math
(Surface area x concentration gradient x membrane permeability) / membrane thickness
55
Assisted membrane transport
Transport of substances using membrane transport/carrier proteins
56
Facilitated Diffusion
follows ficks law of diffusion - molecules are too big and need a carrier molecule (no energy) -GLUT transport -passive membrane transport
57
Active Transport
substances move against concentration gradient -require carrier molecule -need energy (ATP) - created disequilibrium
58
Primary active transport
-directly uses energy (breaks it up) -Requires ATP -eg. Na/K pump
59
Secondary active transport
-uses the broken ATP (Primary active transport)
60
Vesicular Transport
-material is moved in/out of cell wrapped in membrane -Endo/exocytosis
61
Endocytosis
-Pinocytosis (cell drinking) -Receptor-mediated endocytosis (how cells bring in vitamins) -Phagocytosis (immune response, does not release)
62
Exocytosis
-mechanism for secreting large polar molecules process of labelling (process of secretory vesicles)
63
Process of labelling/secretory vesicles
-place recognition markers -place sorting signals -puts a coat around sorted packages -puts v/t SNARE
64
Chemical Messengers
Carry information from one cell to the next
65
Autocrine
Self-exciting signal eg. histamine (mast cell)
66
Paracrine
closes, then signals to the next cell
67
What are the neurocrines
Neuromodules neurohormones hormones -lipophilic hormones -hydrophilic hormones
68
Neuromodules
reaches the brain/staticity center -last for a long time
69
Neurohormones
secreted by nerves
70
Hormones
never secreted in large quantities, cell must have a receptor for the hormones -Lipophilic hormones (soluable in lipids/fats) -Hydrophilic hormones (soluble in H2O)
71
Cytokine
tissue formation/embryonic development or inflammatory response -fever production (circulates through blood to the whole body, Interleucryne ILC/posted through leukocytes) -immune response -RBC formation by erythropoietin

HLSC 126 (1 decks)

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