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Brain & Behavior > CH2: Cells and Structures > Flashcards

CH2: Cells and Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four zones of the neuron and their corresponding structures?

A

1) Input zone: dendrite first; where neurons collect and integrate information, either from the environment or from other cells
2) integration zone: cell body (soma); where the decision to produce a neural signal is mad
3) conduction zone: axon (nerve fiber); where information can be transmitted over great distance
4) output zone: axon terminals; where the neuron transfers information to other cells

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2
Q

Dendrite

A

An extension of the cell body that receives information from other neurons

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3
Q

Cell body

A

Also called soma. The region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus

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4
Q

Axon

A

Also called nerve fiver. A single extension from the nerve cell that carries action potentials from the cell body toward the axon terminal

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5
Q

Axon terminal

A

Also called synaptic bouton. The end of of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse with a neuron or other target cell

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6
Q

Motoneuron

A

Also called motor neuron. A neuron that transmits neural messages to muscles (or glands)

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7
Q

Sensory neurons

A

A nerve cell that is directly affected by changes int he environment, such as light, odor, or touch

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8
Q

Interneuron

A

A nerve cell that is neither a sensory neuron or a motoneuron; interneurons receive input from and send output to other neurons

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9
Q

What are the 3 general shapes of neurons?

A

Multipolar neurons, bipolar neurons, and unipolar neurons

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10
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon. They are the most common type of neuron

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11
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

A nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end. They are common in sensory systems, such as vision

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12
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

A nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body and then extends in two directions; one end is the input zone, and the other end is the output zone. Unipolar neurons transmit touch information from the body into the spinal cord

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13
Q

What are 3 components of the synapses

A

Presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane, and a synaptic cleft

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14
Q

Presynaptic membrane

A

The specialized membrane on the axon terminal of a nerve cell that transmits information by releasing neurotransmitter

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15
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

The specialized membrane on the surface of a neuron that receives information by responding to neurotransmitter from a presynaptic neuron

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16
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at a synapse.

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17
Q

Synaptic vesicle

A

A small, spherical structure that contains molecules of neurotransmitter

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18
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

The chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons

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19
Q

Neurotransmitter receptor (or just receptor)

A

A specialized protein, often embedded in the cell membrane, that selectively senses and reacts to molecules of a corresponding neurotransmitter or hormone

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20
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment

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21
Q

Axon hillock

A

The cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates

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22
Q

Innervate

A

To provide neural input to; electrical signals race down the axon toward the targets

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23
Q

Axon collateral

A

A branch of an axon

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24
Q

Axonal transport

A

The transportation of materials from the neuronal cell body toward the axon terminals, and from the axon terminals back toward the cell body

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25
Q

Glial cells

A

Nonneuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain

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26
Q

What are the four types of glia cells

A

Oligodendrocyte, Schwann cells, astrocyte, and microglial cells

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27
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

A type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system

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28
Q

Schwann cell

A

A type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system

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29
Q

Myelin

A

A fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells. This sheath boosts the speed at which nerve impulses are conducted

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30
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed

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31
Q

Astrocyte

A

A star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes (extensions) that run in all directions

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32
Q

Microglial cells

A

Extremely small motile glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells

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33
Q

What can of problems can glial cells cause?

A

Glial cells can dived in adulthood which can rise to deadly tumors. Some glial cells, astrocytes, respond to brain injury by changing size-swelling. It damages neurons and is responsible for many symptoms of brain injuries

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34
Q

Edema

A

The swelling of tissue in response to injury

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35
Q

Gross neuroanatomy

A

Anatomical features of the nervous system that are visible to the naked eye

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36
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord.c

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37
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons inside the brain and the spinal cord.

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38
Q

Nerve

A

A collection of axons bundled together outside of the CNS

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39
Q

Motor nerve

A

Transmit information from the spinal cord and the brain to the muscles and glands

40
Q

Sensory nerves

A

Convey information from the body to the CNS

41
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

42
Q

Somatic nervous sytem

A

A part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connections mostly to the skeletal muscles and sensory systems of the body. It consists of cranial nerves (12 pairs) and spinal nerves (31 pairs).

The main pathway through which the brain controls movement and receives sensory information from the body and from the sensory organs of the head.

43
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

A part of the peripheral nervous system that provides the main neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles and organs. We have little conscious, voluntary control over it’s action. The autonomic nervous system are performed by two major divisors - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

44
Q

Cranial nerves

A

A nerve that is connected directly to the brain. A lot have to do with facial muscles

45
Q

Name the divisions of the autonomic nervous systems.

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

46
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that acts as the “fight or flight” system, generally activating the body for action.

All originate in the spinal cord. It consists of the sympathetic ganglia and axons that lead to the organs.

Ganglion -> adrenal gland (norepinephrine and epinephrine (arousing neurotransmitters, adrenaline))

Ex. Pupils dilates, salivation is inhibited, hear rate increase, digestion is inhibited, etc

47
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that generally prepares the body to relax, recuperate, and prepare for future action - ‘rest and digest’ response.

Arises from both the brain and the sacral parts of the spinal cord.

Uses Cholinergic neurons (acetylcholine (ACh)): slows the body

Ex. Contracts pupil, stimulates salivation, constricts airways, slow heartbeat, etc.

48
Q

What are the four lobes?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

49
Q

Frontal lobes

A

The most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex and is divided by the central sulcus. Broadly specializes in language production and motor

50
Q

Parietal lobe

A

The large region of cortex lying between the frontal and occipital lobes in each cerebral hemisphere. It host central sulcus, involve in post central gyrus. It broadly specialize in somatic sensory

51
Q

Temporal lobe

A

The large lateral region of the cortex in each cerebral hemisphere. It is along the sylvian fissure. It primary specialize in auditory cortex, and also language

52
Q

Occipital lobe

A

A large region of cortex that covers much of the posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere. It primarily specialize in visual cortex

53
Q

Cerebral hemisphere

A

One of the two halves - right or left- of the brain

54
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres, which consists largely of nerve cell bodies and their branches. The outside wriggly part and is either called gurus (ridges) or sulcus, sylvian fissure, or central sulcus

55
Q

gyrus

A

a ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface

56
Q

sulcus

A

a crevice or valley of a convoluted brain surface

57
Q

sylvian fissure

A

a deep fissure that separates the temporal lobe

58
Q

central sulcus

A

a fissure that divides the front lobe from the parietal lobe

59
Q

horizontal plane

A

divides the brain into upper and lower parts

60
Q

sagittal plane

A

the plane that divides the body into right and left halves

61
Q

coronal plane

A

the plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior part)

62
Q

corpus callosum

A

the main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres; considered a white matter

63
Q

gray matter

A

areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and lack of myelin. gray matter mostly receives and processes information.

64
Q

white matter

A

a light-colored layer of tissue, consisting mostly of myelin-sheathed axons, that lies underneath the gray matter of the cortex. white matter mostly transmits information

65
Q

pyramidal cell

A

a type of large nerve cell that has a roughly pyramid-shaped cell body and is found in the cerebral cortex

66
Q

cortical column

A

one of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the cerebral cortex

67
Q

basal ganglia

A

considered the gray matter. plays a critical role in the control of movement

68
Q

limbic system

A

a loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other and form a network. involved in emotion and learning.

69
Q

amygdala

A

consists of several subdivisions with quite diverse functions, including emotional regulation and the perception of odor

70
Q

hippocampus and fornix

A

they are important for learning and memory

71
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

implicated in many cognitive functions, including the direction of attention

72
Q

olfactory bulb

A

involved in the sense of smell

73
Q

hypothalamus

A

helps govern highly motivated behaviors like sex and aggression, and to regulate the hormonal systems of the body

74
Q

what is the main function of the cerebellum?

A

cerebelllum is a structure located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement, and in some forms of learning

75
Q

what are the structures that make up the limbic system?

A

amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, cingulate gyrus, and olfactory bulb.

76
Q

what are the structures that make up basal ganglia?

A

caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen found deep within the cerebral hemispheres.

77
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

the fluid that fills the verebral ventricles. brains floats in CSF, cushioning it from minor blows to the head. it is also important materials, such as nutrients and signaling checimals

78
Q

how does CSF flow through the ventricular system?

A

there care series of chambers in the brain called the ventricular system. each hemisphere of the brain contains a lateral ventricle extending into all four lobes of the hemisphere. the lateral ventricles are lined with a specialized membrane called the choroid plexus, which produces CSF by filtering blood. the CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into a midline third ventricle and continues down a narrow passage to the fourth ventricle. just below the cerebellum, three small opening allows CSF to exit the ventricular system and circulate over the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord

79
Q

ventricular system

A

a system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain

80
Q

lateral ventricle

A

a complex c-shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain

81
Q

choroid plexus

A

a specialized membrane lining the ventricles that produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by filtering blood

82
Q

third ventricle

A

the midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricles to the fourth ventricle

83
Q

fourth ventricle

A

the passageway within the pons that receives cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord

84
Q

cerebral arteries

A

the three pairs of large arteries within the skull that supply blood to the cerebral cortex

85
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

probably evolved to help protect the brain from infections and blood-borne toxins, but it also makes the delivery of drugs to the brain more difficult

86
Q

stroke

A

damage to a region of brain tissue that results from the blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to that region

87
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

a temporary blood restriction to the part of the brain that causes strokelike symptoms that quickly resolve, serving as a warning of elevated stroke risk

88
Q

what are some differences between CT and MRI scans?

A

MRI provides higher-resolution images and has fewer damaging effects than CT

89
Q

computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT)

A

uses x-ray energy to generate images. the scans are medium-resolution and are useful for visualizing problems such as strokes, tumors, and cortical shrinkage

90
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

uses magnetism and radio-frequency energy to create images of the gross structure of the living brain. MRI images can reveal subtle changes in the brain, such as the loss of myelin that is characteristic of some diseases

91
Q

functional MRI (fMRI)

A

magnetic resonance imaging that detects changes in blood flow and therefore identifies regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task.

generates images of the brain’s activity rather than details of its structure. offering both reasoning speed and good sharpness.

reveals how networks of brain structures collaborate on complex cognitive processes

92
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

a brain imaging technology that tracks the metabolism of injected radioactive substances in the brain, in order to map brain activity.

provides a means to visualize the brain’s activity during behavioral tasks.

cant match the detailed resolution of fMRI, but it tends to be faster and thus better able to track quick changes in brain activity.

93
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

a noninvasive technique for examining brain function that applies strong magnetic fields to stimulate cortical neurons, in order to identify discrete areas of the brain that are particularly active during specific behaviors.

94
Q

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

a noninvasive brain-imaging technology that creates maps of brain activity during cognitive tasks b measuring tiny magnetic fields produced by active neurons.

95
Q

how should neural imaging be used?

A

laws, law enforcement (lie detection); military; job interviews, college applications; advertising & compaiging

Brain & Behavior (4 decks)

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