CH2: Cells and Structures

Question 1

What are the four zones of the neuron and their corresponding structures?

Answer 1

1) Input zone: dendrite first; where neurons collect and integrate information, either from the environment or from other cells
2) integration zone: cell body (soma); where the decision to produce a neural signal is mad
3) conduction zone: axon (nerve fiber); where information can be transmitted over great distance
4) output zone: axon terminals; where the neuron transfers information to other cells

Question 2

Dendrite

Answer 2

An extension of the cell body that receives information from other neurons

Question 3

Cell body

Answer 3

Also called soma. The region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus

Question 4

Axon

Answer 4

Also called nerve fiver. A single extension from the nerve cell that carries action potentials from the cell body toward the axon terminal

Question 5

Axon terminal

Answer 5

Also called synaptic bouton. The end of of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse with a neuron or other target cell

Question 6

Motoneuron

Answer 6

Also called motor neuron. A neuron that transmits neural messages to muscles (or glands)

Question 7

Sensory neurons

Answer 7

A nerve cell that is directly affected by changes int he environment, such as light, odor, or touch

Question 8

Interneuron

Answer 8

A nerve cell that is neither a sensory neuron or a motoneuron; interneurons receive input from and send output to other neurons

Question 9

What are the 3 general shapes of neurons?

Answer 9

Multipolar neurons, bipolar neurons, and unipolar neurons

Question 10

Multipolar neuron

Answer 10

A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon. They are the most common type of neuron

Question 11

Bipolar neuron

Answer 11

A nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end. They are common in sensory systems, such as vision

Question 12

Unipolar neuron

Answer 12

A nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body and then extends in two directions; one end is the input zone, and the other end is the output zone. Unipolar neurons transmit touch information from the body into the spinal cord

Question 13

What are 3 components of the synapses

Answer 13

Presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane, and a synaptic cleft

Question 14

Presynaptic membrane

Answer 14

The specialized membrane on the axon terminal of a nerve cell that transmits information by releasing neurotransmitter

Question 15

Postsynaptic membrane

Answer 15

The specialized membrane on the surface of a neuron that receives information by responding to neurotransmitter from a presynaptic neuron

Question 16

Synaptic cleft

Answer 16

The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at a synapse.

Question 17

Synaptic vesicle

Answer 17

A small, spherical structure that contains molecules of neurotransmitter

Question 18

Neurotransmitter

Answer 18

The chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons

Question 19

Neurotransmitter receptor (or just receptor)

Answer 19

A specialized protein, often embedded in the cell membrane, that selectively senses and reacts to molecules of a corresponding neurotransmitter or hormone

Question 20

Neuroplasticity

Answer 20

The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment

Question 21

Axon hillock

Answer 21

The cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates

Question 22

Innervate

Answer 22

To provide neural input to; electrical signals race down the axon toward the targets

Question 23

Axon collateral

Answer 23

A branch of an axon

Question 24

Axonal transport

Answer 24

The transportation of materials from the neuronal cell body toward the axon terminals, and from the axon terminals back toward the cell body

Question 25

Glial cells

Answer 25

Nonneuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain

Question 26

What are the four types of glia cells

Answer 26

Oligodendrocyte, Schwann cells, astrocyte, and microglial cells

Question 27

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 27

A type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system

Question 28

Schwann cell

Answer 28

A type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system

Question 29

Myelin

Answer 29

A fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells. This sheath boosts the speed at which nerve impulses are conducted

Question 30

Node of Ranvier

Answer 30

A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed

Question 31

Astrocyte

Answer 31

A star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes (extensions) that run in all directions

Question 32

Microglial cells

Answer 32

Extremely small motile glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells

Question 33

What can of problems can glial cells cause?

Answer 33

Glial cells can dived in adulthood which can rise to deadly tumors. Some glial cells, astrocytes, respond to brain injury by changing size-swelling. It damages neurons and is responsible for many symptoms of brain injuries

Question 34

Edema

Answer 34

The swelling of tissue in response to injury

Question 35

Gross neuroanatomy

Answer 35

Anatomical features of the nervous system that are visible to the naked eye

Question 36

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 36

The portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord.c

Question 37

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 37

The portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons inside the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 38

Nerve

Answer 38

A collection of axons bundled together outside of the CNS

Question 39

Motor nerve

Answer 39

Transmit information from the spinal cord and the brain to the muscles and glands

Question 40

Sensory nerves

Answer 40

Convey information from the body to the CNS

Question 41

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 41

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

Question 42

Somatic nervous sytem

Answer 42

A part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connections mostly to the skeletal muscles and sensory systems of the body. It consists of cranial nerves (12 pairs) and spinal nerves (31 pairs). The main pathway through which the brain controls movement and receives sensory information from the body and from the sensory organs of the head.

Question 43

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 43

A part of the peripheral nervous system that provides the main neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles and organs. We have little conscious, voluntary control over it’s action. The autonomic nervous system are performed by two major divisors - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Question 44

Cranial nerves

Answer 44

A nerve that is connected directly to the brain. A lot have to do with facial muscles

Question 45

Name the divisions of the autonomic nervous systems.

Answer 45

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 46

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 46

The part of the autonomic nervous system that acts as the “fight or flight” system, generally activating the body for action. All originate in the spinal cord. It consists of the sympathetic ganglia and axons that lead to the organs. Ganglion -> adrenal gland (norepinephrine and epinephrine (arousing neurotransmitters, adrenaline)) Ex. Pupils dilates, salivation is inhibited, hear rate increase, digestion is inhibited, etc

Question 47

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 47

The part of the autonomic nervous system that generally prepares the body to relax, recuperate, and prepare for future action - ‘rest and digest’ response. Arises from both the brain and the sacral parts of the spinal cord. Uses Cholinergic neurons (acetylcholine (ACh)): slows the body Ex. Contracts pupil, stimulates salivation, constricts airways, slow heartbeat, etc.

Question 48

What are the four lobes?

Answer 48

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Question 49

Frontal lobes

Answer 49

The most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex and is divided by the central sulcus. Broadly specializes in language production and motor

Question 50

Parietal lobe

Answer 50

The large region of cortex lying between the frontal and occipital lobes in each cerebral hemisphere. It host central sulcus, involve in post central gyrus. It broadly specialize in somatic sensory

Question 51

Temporal lobe

Answer 51

The large lateral region of the cortex in each cerebral hemisphere. It is along the sylvian fissure. It primary specialize in auditory cortex, and also language

Question 52

Occipital lobe

Answer 52

A large region of cortex that covers much of the posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere. It primarily specialize in visual cortex

Question 53

Cerebral hemisphere

Answer 53

One of the two halves - right or left- of the brain

Question 54

Cerebral cortex

Answer 54

The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres, which consists largely of nerve cell bodies and their branches. The outside wriggly part and is either called gurus (ridges) or sulcus, sylvian fissure, or central sulcus

Question 55

gyrus

Answer 55

a ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface

Question 56

sulcus

Answer 56

a crevice or valley of a convoluted brain surface

Question 57

sylvian fissure

Answer 57

a deep fissure that separates the temporal lobe

Question 58

central sulcus

Answer 58

a fissure that divides the front lobe from the parietal lobe

Question 59

horizontal plane

Answer 59

divides the brain into upper and lower parts

Question 60

sagittal plane

Answer 60

the plane that divides the body into right and left halves

Question 61

coronal plane

Answer 61

the plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior part)

Question 62

corpus callosum

Answer 62

the main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres; considered a white matter

Question 63

gray matter

Answer 63

areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and lack of myelin. gray matter mostly receives and processes information.

Question 64

white matter

Answer 64

a light-colored layer of tissue, consisting mostly of myelin-sheathed axons, that lies underneath the gray matter of the cortex. white matter mostly transmits information

Question 65

pyramidal cell

Answer 65

a type of large nerve cell that has a roughly pyramid-shaped cell body and is found in the cerebral cortex

Question 66

cortical column

Answer 66

one of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the cerebral cortex

Question 67

basal ganglia

Answer 67

considered the gray matter. plays a critical role in the control of movement

Question 68

limbic system

Answer 68

a loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other and form a network. involved in emotion and learning.

Question 69

amygdala

Answer 69

consists of several subdivisions with quite diverse functions, including emotional regulation and the perception of odor

Question 70

hippocampus and fornix

Answer 70

they are important for learning and memory

Question 71

cingulate gyrus

Answer 71

implicated in many cognitive functions, including the direction of attention

Question 72

olfactory bulb

Answer 72

involved in the sense of smell

Question 73

hypothalamus

Answer 73

helps govern highly motivated behaviors like sex and aggression, and to regulate the hormonal systems of the body

Question 74

what is the main function of the cerebellum?

Answer 74

cerebelllum is a structure located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement, and in some forms of learning

Question 75

what are the structures that make up the limbic system?

Answer 75

amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, cingulate gyrus, and olfactory bulb.

Question 76

what are the structures that make up basal ganglia?

Answer 76

caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen found deep within the cerebral hemispheres.

Question 77

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 77

the fluid that fills the verebral ventricles. brains floats in CSF, cushioning it from minor blows to the head. it is also important materials, such as nutrients and signaling checimals

Question 78

how does CSF flow through the ventricular system?

Answer 78

there care series of chambers in the brain called the ventricular system. each hemisphere of the brain contains a lateral ventricle extending into all four lobes of the hemisphere. the lateral ventricles are lined with a specialized membrane called the choroid plexus, which produces CSF by filtering blood. the CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into a midline third ventricle and continues down a narrow passage to the fourth ventricle. just below the cerebellum, three small opening allows CSF to exit the ventricular system and circulate over the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord

Question 79

ventricular system

Answer 79

a system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain

Question 80

lateral ventricle

Answer 80

a complex c-shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain

Question 81

choroid plexus

Answer 81

a specialized membrane lining the ventricles that produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by filtering blood

Question 82

third ventricle

Answer 82

the midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricles to the fourth ventricle

Question 83

fourth ventricle

Answer 83

the passageway within the pons that receives cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord

Question 84

cerebral arteries

Answer 84

the three pairs of large arteries within the skull that supply blood to the cerebral cortex

Question 85

blood-brain barrier

Answer 85

probably evolved to help protect the brain from infections and blood-borne toxins, but it also makes the delivery of drugs to the brain more difficult

Question 86

stroke

Answer 86

damage to a region of brain tissue that results from the blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to that region

Question 87

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer 87

a temporary blood restriction to the part of the brain that causes strokelike symptoms that quickly resolve, serving as a warning of elevated stroke risk

Question 88

what are some differences between CT and MRI scans?

Answer 88

MRI provides higher-resolution images and has fewer damaging effects than CT

Question 89

computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT)

Answer 89

uses x-ray energy to generate images. the scans are medium-resolution and are useful for visualizing problems such as strokes, tumors, and cortical shrinkage

Question 90

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 90

uses magnetism and radio-frequency energy to create images of the gross structure of the living brain. MRI images can reveal subtle changes in the brain, such as the loss of myelin that is characteristic of some diseases

Question 91

functional MRI (fMRI)

Answer 91

magnetic resonance imaging that detects changes in blood flow and therefore identifies regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task. generates images of the brain's activity rather than details of its structure. offering both reasoning speed and good sharpness. reveals how networks of brain structures collaborate on complex cognitive processes

Question 92

positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 92

a brain imaging technology that tracks the metabolism of injected radioactive substances in the brain, in order to map brain activity. provides a means to visualize the brain's activity during behavioral tasks. cant match the detailed resolution of fMRI, but it tends to be faster and thus better able to track quick changes in brain activity.

Question 93

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 93

a noninvasive technique for examining brain function that applies strong magnetic fields to stimulate cortical neurons, in order to identify discrete areas of the brain that are particularly active during specific behaviors.

Question 94

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer 94

a noninvasive brain-imaging technology that creates maps of brain activity during cognitive tasks b measuring tiny magnetic fields produced by active neurons.

Question 95

how should neural imaging be used?

Answer 95

laws, law enforcement (lie detection); military; job interviews, college applications; advertising & compaiging