Ch.2 History Flashcards
Testing in Middle Ages
-“Who was in with the devil?”
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Charles Darwin
- Origin of Species
- natural selection of genes
- spurred scientific interest in individual differences
Francis Galton
- the coefficient of correlation
- credited with devising tools of psych assessment
- brought interest in measurement of psychology
William Wundt
- Medical Doctor
- view differences as frustratining source of error
- created control of extraneous variables
Raymond Catell
- coined term “mental test”
-founded publications ( Psychological review, Science, and AMerican Men of Science)
-founded psychological corporation
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First Testing When & Where?
2200 BC China, screening for jobs
David Wechsler
- 1939 introduced test to measure adult intelligence
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Robert S Woodworth
- assigned to develop personality test during WWI
- Developed Personal Data Sheet “Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory
- one of first to use self-report
self-report
process whereby assesses themselves supply assessment related info by responding to questions or self monitoring
Projective Test
- individual “projects” onto abmigugous stimuli his or her own unique outlook
- Ex. Inkblot
Culture
socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people
Henry Goddard
- raised questions about testing people from other cultures
- tested immigrants and found that majority were feebleminded
- test overestimated mental deficiency
culture-sepcific tests
test designed for use with people from one culture but not another
Eguenics
science of improving the qualities of a breed
Verbal Communication
- testing and assessment can be conflicted when language barriers are present
- translators create unique challenges due to lack of testing knowledge or subtle nuances being lost in translation
Cultural Non-Verbal communication & behavior
- body language and other customs of cultures differ from one another
- Ex. Eye contact ( US respectful but Asia disrespectful)
psychoanalysis
- Developed by Sigmund Freud
- theory of personality & psychological treatment
- symbolic significance assigned to non verbal acts
Standards of Evaluation
- Standards vary culture to culture
- What is help important to one may not hold true for another culture
Individualist culture
Culture characterized by value being place on traits of the individual
- autonomy
- self-reliance
- expression of self
- competitiveness
collectivist culture
Culture that places emphasis group focused traits
- conformity
- group goals
- whats better for the whole not the individual
Tests & Group Membership
- Belonging to a group can effect assessment of certain test takers
- ## General differences of two cultures of groups of individuals can lead to test-related discrimination
affirmative action
voluntary and mandatory efforts undertaken by institutions to promote equal opportunity and combat discrimination.
