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AP2 > Ch20 > Flashcards

Ch20 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cardiology?

A

The study of the heart and associated diseases

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2
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

On top of the diaphragm and within the mediastinum

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3
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

The pointed end of the left ventricle that rests on the diaphragm

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4
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Serous pericardium
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5
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Prevents over stretching of the heart, provides protection, and anchors heart within the mediastinum

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6
Q

What is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium also called?

A

Epicardium

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7
Q

What reduces friction as the heart moves?

A

Pericardial fluid

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8
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

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9
Q

What are common symptoms of pericarditis?

A

Chest pain that may extend down the left shoulder and arm

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10
Q

What is the heart wall composed of?

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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11
Q

What is the external layer of the heart wall called?

A

Epicardium

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12
Q

What is the middle layer of the heart wall composed of?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The small space that contains the pericardial fluid is called the _______.

A

Pericardial cavity

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14
Q

True or False: The serous pericardium is thicker than the fibrous pericardium.

A

False

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15
Q

What type of tissue is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

A

Mesothelium

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16
Q

What is located just below the mesothelium in the epicardium?

A

A delicate layer of fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue

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17
Q

What does adipose tissue in the epicardium house?

A

Most of the coronary and cardiac blood vessels

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Innermost thin layer of endothelium that lines the chambers and covers the valves of the heart

It is very smooth to reduce friction and allow blood to pass through.

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20
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles

The atria are the superior receiving chambers, and the ventricles are the inferior pumping chambers.

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21
Q

What is the function of the auricle?

A

Increases the capacity of the atrium to hold a greater volume of blood

It is a wrinkled pouch-like structure on the anterior surface of each atrium.

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22
Q

What are sulci in the heart?

A

Grooves on the heart surface that contain coronary blood vessels and fat

They include the coronary sulcus, anterior interventricular sulcus, and posterior interventricular sulcus.

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23
Q

What does the coronary sulcus do?

A

Encircles the heart and serves as the boundary between the atria and ventricles

It is one of the key sulci on the heart’s surface.

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24
Q

What is the anterior interventricular sulcus?

A

A shallow groove that forms the boundary between the right and left ventricles on the anterior side of the heart

It helps delineate the ventricles visually.

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25
What does the posterior interventricular sulcus mark?
The external boundary between the ventricles on the posterior side of the heart ## Footnote It is important for anatomical identification.
26
What separates the right and left sides of the heart?
A septum ## Footnote This includes the interatrial septum and interventricular septum.
27
Where is the interatrial septum located?
Between the right and left atrium ## Footnote It prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
28
What is the interventricular septum?
The septum between the right and left ventricles ## Footnote It plays a key role in separating oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.
29
What are pectinate muscles?
Comb-like muscular ridges within the anterior side of the right atrium ## Footnote They help improve the stretching ability of the right atrium.
30
What are trabeculae carneae?
Raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers within the ventricles ## Footnote They are involved in the conduction system of the heart.
31
What is the foramen ovale?
An opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart ## Footnote It allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium and normally closes soon after birth.
32
What is the fossa ovalis?
Remnant of the foramen ovale that is present shortly after birth ## Footnote It indicates where the foramen ovale closed.
33
What is the ductus arteriosus?
Temporary blood vessel present during fetal development that allows blood to flow directly from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta ## Footnote It bypasses the lungs.
34
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
Remnant of the ductus arteriosus that forms shortly after birth ## Footnote It is a fibrous structure.
35
What is the function of heart valves?
Prevent backflow of blood ## Footnote They are composed of dense connective tissue covered in endocardium.
36
What are the atrioventricular valves?
Valves found between atria and ventricles that prevent blood from flowing back up into the atria when ventricles contract ## Footnote Includes the tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves.
37
What is the tricuspid valve?
Valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle ## Footnote It is one of the atrioventricular valves.
38
What is the bicuspid (mitral) valve?
Valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle ## Footnote It is another atrioventricular valve.
39
What are chordae tendinae?
Tendon-like cords that anchor the valves to the floor of ventricles by attaching to the papillary muscles ## Footnote They help in valve function.
40
What are papillary muscles?
Cone-like muscles extending from the trabeculae carneae that attach chordae tendinae ## Footnote They play a crucial role in valve stability.
41
What are semilunar valves?
Valves found between ventricles and arteries that prevent blood from falling back into the ventricles from the arteries when ventricles relax ## Footnote Includes the pulmonary and aortic valves.
42
What is the pulmonary valve?
Valve located between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk ## Footnote It is one of the semilunar valves.
43
What is the aortic valve?
Valve located between the left ventricle and aorta ## Footnote It is the other semilunar valve.
44
What is stenosis?
Narrowing of a heart valve ## Footnote It can affect blood flow.
45
What is mitral valve stenosis?
Narrowing of the mitral valve (bicuspid) that could be caused by scar tissue or congenital defect ## Footnote It leads to reduced blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
46
What is aortic stenosis?
Narrowing of the aortic valve ## Footnote It can lead to heart complications.
47
What is insufficiency or incompetence in heart valves?
When the valve does not close completely ## Footnote This can lead to backflow of blood.
48
What is mitral insufficiency?
Backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium ## Footnote It is commonly caused by mitral valve prolapse.
49
What is aortic insufficiency?
Backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle ## Footnote It can cause various cardiac issues.
50
What is rheumatic fever?
An acute inflammatory bacterial disease that affects the throat ## Footnote This infection triggers an immune response leading to antibodies attacking connective tissue in joints, heart valves, and other organs.
51
What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
Four dense connective tissue rings that surround the valves of the heart ## Footnote These rings fuse with one another and merge with the interventricular septum.
52
List the functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart.
* Structural foundation for the valves * Prevents over stretching as blood passes through * Serves as a point of insertion for cardiac muscle tissue * Acts as an electrical insulator between the atria and ventricles ## Footnote This structure plays a crucial role in maintaining heart function.
53
How does the thickness of the myocardium vary among heart chambers?
Atria have thin walls, ventricles have much thicker myocardium ## Footnote This variation is due to the pressure and distance the blood needs to be pumped.
54
Which chamber of the heart has the thickest myocardium?
Left ventricle ## Footnote It pumps blood to all parts of the body, resulting in a greater workload compared to the right ventricle.
55
What does the superior vena cava do?
Delivers deoxygenated blood from the upper extremities to the right atrium ## Footnote This is one of the great vessels connected directly to the heart.
56
What is the role of the inferior vena cava?
Delivers deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities to the right atrium ## Footnote It is another great vessel connected to the heart.
57
What do the pulmonary arteries do?
Send deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs ## Footnote This is essential for oxygenating the blood.
58
What is the function of the aorta?
Sends oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body ## Footnote It is the largest artery in the body.
59
Fill in the blank: The _______ has a thicker myocardium than the atria because it is pumping blood to a greater distance.
ventricles
60
True or False: The right ventricle pumps blood to all parts of the body.
False ## Footnote The right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs.

AP2 (1 decks)

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