ch25- india, africa, new british empire, 1750-1850 Flashcards
(295 cards)
1
Q
Zulu
A
Strict military drill/close combat warfare w/ ox-hide shields and lethal stabbing spears made Zulu most powerful/feared fighters in S Africa.
2
Q
sokoto caliphate
A
Largest state in West Africa since the fall of the Songhai in 16th century MUSLIM
3
Q
Muhammad Ali
A
Successor to napoleon’s rule, ruled egypt from 1805 to 1848. Began political, social and economic reforms that created modern Egypt
4
Q
legitimate trade
A
exports other than trade made to ensure access to European imports
5
Q
Process of Zulu kingdom creation
A
Brought to power by changes in warfare, created by Shaka (military genius).
Expand by raiding neighbors for ppl/resources
6
Q
process of Sokoto kingdom creation
A
Successful Muslim armies united the hausa states and neighboring areas under a caliph (sultan) who ruled from the city of sokoto
7
Q
How typical were african state-building at this time?
A
quite common, made for refugees and escape from Zulu, or for preservation of Islam
8
Q
*Impact of Industrialization on colonization in Africa
A
LEGITIMATE TRADE- Europe was more demanding for exports (Nonslave) from Africa,ex. Europe more demanding on gold coast for exports
9
Q
***how were “secondary empires” created/ruled in eastern Africa?
A
Arab/swahili clove plantation owners purchased slaves to harvest spice. Ruled by Arabians from Sultan’s kingdom
10
Q
*economic basis for secondary empire economy
A
Slavery of East African slave trade
11
Q
sepoy
A
Trained indian troops that protected fortified warehouses from attack by other Europeans or by native states
12
Q
British raj
A
British reign that remade India based on a British model
13
Q
sepoy rebellion
A
grew from discontent of cartridge opening, plus beginning of later movements for independence, “revolution of 1857”. Much more than a simply mutiny–involved more than soldiers but was not yet nationalist revolution for rebel’s sense of common indian nat. identity was weak
14
Q
(elite) Indian civil service
A
members mostly grads of oxford and cambridge u, held senior admin and judicial posts only 1000 at the end of 19th cent. Visted villagesm heard lawsuits and complaints, and passed judgments.
15
Q
Indian National Congress
A
members saought larger role for Indians in Indian civil service +called for reduction in military expenditures to alleviate poverty
16
Q
*Contract of Indenture
A
legal contract reflecting a debt or purchase obligation, specifically referring to two types of practices: in historical usage, an indentured servant status, and in modern usage, an instrument used for commercial debt or real estate transaction.
17
Q
Significant factors involving Sepoy rebellion
A
- discontent of cartridge opening,
- involved more than soldiers but was not yet nationalist revolution for rebel’s sense of common indian nat. identity was weak
- rebels asserted old traditions to challenge British authority
18
Q
Major aims of British raj
A
- Remaking India based on a British model through:
- administrative social reform
- $ development
- new tech.
19
Q
Colonial policies that lead to the beginning of Indian nationalism
A
Both the success and the failures of British india
-prohibiting sati, slavery, and other traditions that british found innappropriate
20
Q
**Who replaced Indian slaves?
A
African slaves/peasants, this was opposed by many of the elites
21
Q
Bombay’s location
A
Bombay is on the Western coast of India, and is convenient for the British in maritime trading (indian ocean and arabian sea)
22
Q
“Second industrial revolution”
A
led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during 2nd half of 19th century
23
Q
As new methods of production became popular in _____ Europe, they spread to….
A
NORTHWESTERN, spread to other parts, US, Japan, and Russia
24
Q
Development of the factory system
A
Concentrated labor in a single location and led to increasing degree of specialization of labor
25
Ex. of development of new machinery
steam engines and internal combustion engines
26
What did development of new machinery help with?
made it possible to exploit vast new resources of energy stored in fossil fuels (coal/oil)
27
"Fossil Fuel Revolution"
From coal/oil. Greatly increased energy available to human societies
28
Results of need for raw materials for factories and increased food supply
led to growth of export economies around worl that specialized in mass producing SINGLE NATURAL RESOURCES
29
Where were profits from single natural resources spent?
to buy finished goods
30
Rapid development of industrial production contributed to the
Decline of economically productive, agriculturally based economies
31
One example of declining agriculturally based economy
Textile production in India
32
What caused industrialized states to seek out new consumer markets for their finished goods?
Rapid increase in productivity cuased by industrial production
33
By 1900 all societies adjust to a new set of power relationships by
Military modernization
| New training, technology, armies
34
New education+health
New efforts in public health [leads to population increase in 1900s]
35
Reactions to the West Growing commitments to nationalism
Spreads to defend traditions in society
36
The enlightenment movement
Complex and diverse intellectual movement which applied the methods and questions of the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century to the study of human society
37
Problem w/ Spanish Empire
Political Disempowerment: viceroys and Council of the Indies
| Economic Disempowerment:
38
Council of the Indies
a group appointed by the King that met in Spain and sent its directives across the Atlantic
39
Viceroys
officials appointed by Spain to govern the colonies. Carried out Council of the Indies directives
40
Economic Disempowerment of Spanish Empire
Spain had the first right to colonial goods and resources. Excluding all competitors, economic policy was set for Spain’s maximum benefit.
41
Order of Spanish hierarchy
Peninsulare, Creoles, Meztizos/Mulattos, Indians/Africans
42
Creoles
People of pure
European blood
But born in the
New World
43
Peninsulares
Native Spanish
44
Mestizos
Indian+european
45
What pro-enlightened wanted their gov. to be based on
Government is based on a contract between the ruler and the ruled.
46
What pro-enlighteners wanted gov. to protect
Government exists to protect the citizens’ natural rights of life, liberty, & property
47
What pro-enlighteners wanted to do if their gov. got out of hand
If the government violates the natural rights of the people, the citizens have a right to revolt against that tyranny.
48
What American Revolution proved
The success of the American Revolution showed others that colonies could succeed in overthrowing their more powerful mother countries.
49
Event that started French Rev.
Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France in 1804.
50
What Napoleon did that pissed so many off
In an attempt to rule all of Europe, he puts family and friends in charge of the territories he has conquered.
51
How Napoleon pissed of Spain
In 1810, Napoleon puts his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain. The Spanish royal family flees
52
“George Washington of South America.”
Simon Bolivar
53
Who was Simon Bolivar?
Elite Creole planter turned military general turned revolutionist
54
What did Simon Bolivar do?
* Liberated territories of modern day Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia
55
Who was Jose de San Martin?
Creole officer who had trained in European armies.
56
What did Jose de San Martin liberate?
Liberated Argentina from Spanish control.
57
Jose de San Martin vs. Bolivar
Met with Bolivar in Guayaquil in 1822. While Bolivar favored democracy, San Martin felt only monarchy could work. Turned over command.
58
MIGUEL HIDALGO how he started revolution
Hidalgo rang the church bell and called upon his mestizo and indigenous parishioners to take up arms against the Spanish.
59
Hidalgo's army
* Led a rag-tag army toward Mexico City, unleashing mass slaughter of peninsulares in path.
60
End of Hidalgo
Never made it to the capital -- Captured and shot in 1811.
61
Who took over from Hidalgo?
Jose Morelos
62
Who was Morelos?
Mestizo Priest
63
Who was more successful Hidalgo or Morelos?
Morelos
64
Morelos's Congress
* Created a declaration of rights
* Abolished slavery
* Declared equality of classes
65
By 1830, nearly all Latin American countries were ruled by
Caudillos
66
The upper classes supported dictatorship because it kept the lower classes out of power, but the lower class...
did not have experience with democracy. Dictatorship seemed normal.
67
What did The War of 1812 with Britain show US?
had shown the U.S. that some-times revolutionary victories could lead to sequels.
68
The Monroe Doctrine
stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.
69
Though the U.S. did not have the muscle to back up its threats, Great Britain agreed to support the Monroe Doctrine due to its new favorable trading position in Latin America.
ok
70
What the US promised Britain in the Monroe Doctrine
United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries
71
One-crop economies in Latin America
A colonial economy continued…Latin America mainly exported cash crops and raw materials while importing manufactured goods.
72
Result of Latin America taking giant loans
When the countries could not pay back their loans, foreign lenders gained control of major industries in Latin America.
73
Once Spanish left who could afford land?
Creoles only, social pyramid did not change
74
Before/After Latin American Gov.
B4: Dictatorship of the Council of the Indies and the Viceroys
AFTR: Dictatorship of the Caudillos
75
BEFORE/After $ in Latin America
B4:Unequal trade relationship with Spain benefiting AFTR: Unequal trade relationship with Great Britain and the U.S. benefiting
76
Who replaced Peninsulare after the revolution?
Creoles
77
Enlightenment Writers
writings of John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.
78
Who led revolution in Haiti?
Toussaint L’Ouveture
79
Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela.
Simon Bolivar
80
What did independence economically bring more of?
Poverty CITY AND COUNTRYSIDE
81
Eighteenth Century beginning of what?
intense period of revollution and rebellion against existing government and new nation-states globally
82
What did revolutions result in?
sometimes the formation of new states and stimulation in the development of new ideologies
83
Revolutions helped strengthened anti-_________
imperialism
84
What did enlightenment though question?
established traditions in all areas of life often preceding the revolutions and rebellions against existing governments
85
4 Developments in tech and communication
Railroads, Steamships, Telegraphs, Canals
86
Mining Centers
South Africa/Mexico
87
What did South Africa mine?
Gold/Diamond
88
What did Mexico mine?
Copper
89
Political philosophy of enlightenment
Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that didnt grant full religious freedom or that insisted on aristocratic privilege
90
John Locke's argument
People have the right to rebellion
91
How did Voltaire think people should be treated?
Equally
92
3 causes of the American Revolution
Britain's attempt to impose new taxes and trade controls, a desire to overthrow colonial leadership, British mercantilism
93
French estate that declared itself nat. assembly
third estate
94
Haiti errupted in revolt b/c of the ___ in ____
The turmoil in revolutionary France
95
Who in Latin America did independence of Haiti serve as a symbol of freedom and hope for?
Slaves
96
French Revolution did not create...
An enduring form of representative democracy
97
Utopians and Marxists were ____ thinkers
socialist
98
Utopian society
Tried to build perfect communities where everyone profitted
99
Marxist/Utopian goal
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few
100
Factors that led to industrial production
Europe's location, geographical distribution of coaal, iron, imber, European demographic changes, Urbanization, Improved agricultural productivity, legal protection of private property, abundance of rivers and canals, access to foreign resources, accumaltion of capital
101
Example of "New Consumer market"
British and French attempts to "open up" the Chinese market in 1800s
102
To facillitate at all levels of industrial production, financiers ______
developed and expanded various financial institutions
103
where did revolutions begin?
America/Britian
104
French rev added _____ and rid ______
added popular sovereignty, got rid of monarchy
105
Adam Smith
Scotish economist "if people could seek individual gain, it would icnrease general wellfare" FREE MARKET CAPITALISM
106
John Stewart Mill
Smith's critic-- Questioned reg. captialism wanted to help working ppl policies w/ more = distribution of profit + WOMENS RiGHTS CLASSICAL LIBERALISM
107
CAPiTALISM
economy sys where $ is invested with goal of making profit.
108
Ex. of financial instruments expanded
- stock market
- insurance
- gold standard
- limited liability corp.
109
3 transnational businesses
United fruit co, HSBC, lipton
110
Results of global capitalism for industrialized states
many workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages, while others opposed capitalists exploitation of workers by promotiong alternative viions of society
111
Why Qing/Ottoman gov. resisted economical change
to maintain preindustrial forms of production
112
4 examples of state-sponsored visions of industrialization
- economic reforms of Meiji japan
- development of factories and railroads in tsarist russia
- China's self-strengthening movemnet
- Muhammad Ali's development of cotton textile industry in Egypt
113
3 examples of reform
- state pensions and public health in Germany
- expansion of suffrage in Britain
- Public education in many states
114
New social classes of industrialization
-middle class, industrial working class
115
What led to unsanitary conditions and new forms of community?
rapid urbanization and global capitalism
116
European states that established empires
Dutch, British, French, German, Russian
117
Who established transoceanic empires throughout Asia and the Pacific?
European states, AMericans, and Japanese
118
During time of transoceanic empires, who's influence declined?
Spanish/Portugese
119
What did some Europeans use to est. states in Africa
Warfare, trickery through tech., diplomacy
120
2 European states that established empires in Africa
Britain in West Africa, Belgium in Congo
121
4 settler colonies
Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand (British) and Algeria (French)
122
settler colonies
foreign family units move into a region and reproduce. Land is thus the key resource in settler colonies
123
2 examples of industrialized states practicing imperialism
British and French expanding influence through China through Opium Wars
-The British and US investing heavily in Latin America
124
What led to beginning of Meiji empire?
US and European influence over Tokagawa Japan
125
Who emulated European transoceanic imperialism and how?
US/Russia by conquering neighboring territories to expand their borders
126
What led to contraction of Ottoman empire?
Anti-imperial resistance
127
Opuim War
Broke out when negotaitions between the QIng official and British representatives reached a stalemate exposed that the Qing hereditary soldiers (BANNERMANS) were obsolete
128
Treaty of nanking
dismantled canton system once britain reached nanjine (qing's panic move_ this caused treaty ports to increase from 1-5
129
Most favored nation status
granted from QIng to Britain
130
Cause of Haitian rev
The French colony of Saint Domingue was one of the richest European colonies in the Americas, but its economic success was based on one of the most brutal slave regimes in the Caribbean.
The political turmoil in France weakened the ability of colonial administrators to maintain order and led to conflict between slaves and gens de couleur on the one hand and whites on the other. A slave rebellion under the leadership of François Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture took over the colony in 1794
131
Result of Haitian Rev.
Napoleon’s 1802 attempt to reestablish French authority led to the capture of L’Ouverture, but failed to retake the colony, which became the independent republic of Haiti in 1804. Tens of thousands of people died in the Haitian revolution, the economy was destroyed, and public administration was corrupted by more than a decade of violence.
132
Enlightenment Thinkers
Applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships, encouraging observation and inference in all spheres of life
133
Enlightenment intellectuals
Critiques the role that religion layed in public life insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation
134
What did enlightenment thinkers increase/ develop?
-increased resistance to existing political authority. Developed new political ideas about the individual
135
The Opium War
Broke out when negotiations bw the Qing official and British reps reached a statlemate, exposed that the Qing hereditary solders, Bannerman, obsolete
136
Treaty of Nanking
Dismantled Canton system once Brits reached Nanjing>>Qing panic movve, this caused TREATY ports to increase from 1-5
137
Treaty ports
Cities opened to foreign nations
138
Qing Bannermans compared to British soldiers
obsolete in bad muskets and Britains superior rifles
139
British sneak attack
Qing put so much effort into stopping british invasion of shores when British sneaking up through Yangzi River
140
Cause of Taiping rebellion
14 years of social problems, unstable agriculture poverty Hong Xiuquan, founder of Taiping movement influenced by christianity/protestants promised as jesus's little brother hed make "great peace"
141
Influence of Qing rebellion
British and French maritime attacks
142
what connected fields to industrial areas
canals
143
3 vehicles that sqitched to steam power land
tractor, ship, train
144
what did Crystal Palace exhibit?
industrial revolution's products in a "utopia"
145
3 changes of British reform bills
- 1% more of population can vote
- 4% more of pop. can vote
- Twice the amount of voters elligible
146
Laissez Faire
No need for gov. interference in business
147
Utilitarianism
Gov. needed to pass legislation to deal with social problems
148
positivism
Poor workers communities under protection of business leaders
149
utopian socialism
groups of wokers live/work together on land and work in shops
150
British/India $
British put India in debt for colonizations, didn't pay it off enough
151
What negatives social aspects Brit. got rid of in society
sati, infanticide, thugs
152
positive changes britain made to india
new rihts to widows, new education
| -new freedoms and peace/order+security
153
Revolutions and effects
Transformed european and americcan societies in the late 18th/19th century
154
What did revolutions spark?
Formation of national identities, influencing political development thoughout the world
155
John Stuart Mill's view on gov involvement
FULL GOV CONTROL OF ECONOMY
156
Karl Marx/Adam Smith views on gov. involvement
NO GOV control of economy
157
Who called shots in Ottoman empire?
Sultans supposed to but viziers did
158
3 reasons for fall of Ottomans
- Corruption of military corps.
- production focused on handmaking not mass-prod. INFLATION
- Instanbul eroded due to sultan slacking
159
Decembrist revolt
Group of reform minded army officials sought to succeed alexander REVOLT FAILED
160
Pan-slavism
Militant political doctrine advocating unity of all slavic ppl
161
Slavophiles
intellecutals who opposed westernizers
162
French rev and rights
granted many rights and freedoms to new people
163
French rev equality
abolished slavery and men/women =
164
When did opium imorts increase in China
1700-1840
165
Treaty of Nanking and who it benefits
- few benefits for Chinese
- lasting peace b/w the 2
- mostly China paying Britain
166
The treaty of nanking opened __
ports
167
China $ at start of Opoim war
not the most powerful due to trade w/ britain
168
What was most damaging to Chinese $?
opening ports to britain
169
Why Qing gave into British
- Debt
| - militarily inferior
170
How Chinese felt abt Brits
hated em
171
Traditional Imperialism
exploitation of colonies/regions but not any serious change in their internal $ or social orgs
172
New Imperialism
The 19th century brought radical and far-reaching changes to the conquered countries--it completely changes the way the world operates
173
Direct rule
Used by non-british euro gov. in africa/asia
-appoint gov. to colony and set up own colonial gov. to assimilate subjects into euro culture (NO PRESERVATIONS OF LOCAL TRADITIONS)
174
Indirect rule
British system used existing political powers of conquered land
-interfered less w/ local traditions
175
3 bullets of Africa b4 imperialism
- hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups
- 1000+ languages
- Group size ranged from small ind. villages to large empires
176
amount of african land controlled by brit 1800s early
10%
177
When did scramble for AFr begin
1880
178
Berlin Conference
rules for how europeans should stake their claim determined
179
How did european countries claim afr. land
notifying other euro countries and showing that they could control area
180
"Effective troops"
occupation could not be on paper- these were the troops that administered taking over africa
181
African leaders at Berlin conf?
nope
182
3 european adv. in afr
1st machine guns
RR/steamships
cure for malaria
183
Products of Africa (reasons for imperialism)
- ivory
- gold
- diamonds
- rubber
- silver
184
bs ideology of euros in africa
they were "responsible" for colonizing ppl that didn't ask for it
185
King of euro Congo
publicly announced he was helping ppl of congo, but was doing opposite (land was his PERSONAL possession)
186
impact of imperialism in west afr.
- french rrs
| - congo :(
187
idiot king in congo
King leopold II
188
Zulus
most powerful in south africa, well-org. nation
189
American gov.
popular sovereignty
190
What American rev inspired
the people of france to underrtake a thorough transformation of their own society
191
French rev gave a distraction so _______ could earn freedom
saint-domingue(haiti)
192
European and North American people embarked on _________
process of industrialization, by harnessing inanimate sources of energy and organizing prod. in factories, industrialists were able to produce high quality goods @ low costs
193
places of 18th century ind.
n. amer aand euope
194
places of 19th cent ind
russia/japan
195
Free trade imperialism
economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, by maintaining legal independence of weaker state
196
Panama Canal
Ship canalcut across isthmus of panama built by US army, made US sea voyage shorter
197
year of Panama canal
1914
198
What was new imperialism concerned about
Production for a country'sown economic benefits
199
Product of new imperialism
Suez Canal brought more developed nations to new places, increasing imperialism
200
Factors that led to economic imperialism in LA
- caudillos in contol
- most workerd for lage landowners, high rent low wages>debt
- landowners wealthier aft. independence, (unequal distribution)
201
How did foreign countries gain control of Latin American industries? Explain why LA nations remained poor after they gained independence
Economy depended on exports each country focused on 1 or 2 exports. Increased with industrialization
Foreign nations benefited—LA traded raw materials for manufactured goods led to lack of development of own industries in LA
Did not develop own infrastructure—often borrowed money from industrialized nations to increase exports—paid high interest rates large debt
202
date of span american war
1898
203
cause of span american war
US had economic interest in Cuba
Spanish treating Cubans poorly
US joined Cuban war of independence from Spain
204
Outcome of spanish american war
US wins war gained control of Spanish colonial possessions in Asia [Philippines] and South America.
While Cuba and Puerto Rico were soon given a measure of autonomy, the U.S. still reserved the right to intervene in their affairs when it best suited the national interests of the United States.
Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines became US territories
205
Why was us interested in building panama canal
US encouraged / supported Panama revolution from Columbia given area to build the canal
To increase economic activity, easier to travel to western US
206
Roosevelt Corollary `
extension to the Monroe Doctrine
stated that only the U.S. would be allowed to intervene in South America.
With European nations trying to collect on bad debts in South American nations, the U.S. actually took over trade in areas in order to provide prompt payment to their creditors.
207
year of roosevelt corollary
1904
208
year of monro doct
1823
209
How did US force the small nations of Central America and the Caribbean to repay loans owed to banks in Europe or the United States.
military intervention
210
end of byzantine rule
sultan mehmed I laid siege to constantinople brought 1100 years of byzantine rule to an end
211
what year did ottoman byzantine rule end
1453
212
years of crimean war
1853-1856
213
greece independence year
1830
214
Rise of nationalism-Greece ind. WHO
-Greek nationalists organized+albanian interlopers=movement
215
Greek independence cause
wanted to capture roots from muslim despots
216
who won greece independence
europeans beat muslims
217
Crimean war WHO
alliance w/ britian and french against russia
218
what marked the start of modern warfare
crimean war
219
did ottomans play important role in crimean war?
no
220
Tanzimat reforms cause
defeat of muslims in greece
221
tanzimat reforms whose?
Mahmud's in Greece
222
What did Mahmud want in the Tanzimat reforms?
To reduce power of religious leaders
223
who supported tanzimat reforms
europeans
224
3 parts of the tanzimat reforms
- public trial
- equal protection under laws (despite religon)
- privacy rights
225
Year of Suez Canal
1869
226
Outcomes of Suez canal
Cairo improved but Egypt but into more debt
227
What changes did the young ottomans promote?
liberal ideas derived from european nationalism+modernist islan
228
Young ottoman constitution
drafted and passed by Sultan Abdul Hamid II
229
Middle East Ottoman timeline
Mohammad Ali, rises in nationalism.The tanzimat reforms cry mean in war. SCYO
230
When did Alexander I rule Russia
1801
231
Why was Alexander I in Paris?
To eliminate Napoleon, retun capitals/countries to their rightful owners
232
Russian Revs of 1848
Tsar shot down
233
Rule of Alexander II year
1855
234
Alexander II
- took clear look @ industrial revolution, faced the facts and got hip
- pardoned decembrists
- made liveral/tech. developments
- LIBERATED SERFS!
235
Alexander II's doc. declaring freedom of Serfs
Emancipation Manifesto (2 years before Lincoln)
236
Who were Decembrists against?
Napoleon/Tsar's lack of revolution
237
Decembrist protest
Gathered in st.peterburg sq. began to chant for revolution
238
Tsar's response to decembrist
opened fire on the liberal rebels
239
Who was leader during decembrist rev
Nicolas
240
What did gov. do to leaders of decembrist uprising
sent to gallows, nicolas declared that a constitution would be out of the question
241
A stab to the egos of Russia's army
Crimean war proved them to be tech. inferior to France/England
242
Who est. Qing dynasty
Manchurians
243
Manchurian beliefs
they were superior to Chinese but valued confucian traditions/chinese culture
244
When was China's self strengthening movement?
1860s-1870s
245
Goal of the self strengthening movement
to update chinas educational system, diplomatic service, and military
246
Self-strengthening movement
China increase manufacturing of steam pwoered gunboats, rifles, and ammunitions had largest supply/storage in world by 1875
247
Russian Timeline
Alex first of decembrist REVof1848. CW Alex 2nd Rev. of 1905
248
decembrist revolt year
1825
249
Results of self-strengthening movement
- increase morale (ability to industrialize)
- Hired foreigners to rrun many of arsenal ( who used raw materials and machinery from other countries>>IMBALANCE OF TRADE IN CHINA)
250
Boxer rebellion cause
Resentment of special privileges given to foreigners/resentment of Chinese Christians
251
Boxer Rebellion event
campaign against empress rule
252
Result of boxer rebellion
International forces cursh boxers/US/Allies Win,even greater concessions from Chinese/Right to permanent military forces in capital
253
Taiping Rebellion belief
Millenarianism
254
Millenarianism
belief by religious, social, or poitical group or movement in major transformation of society, after which, all things will be changed
255
Europeans and taiping rebellion
at first they fought the Qing but then helped them (just wanted to be on winning side)
256
Pop. and taiping reb.
(doubled) increase in pop. less food supply
257
Taiping rebbellion WHO
Hong Xiuquan+followers (taiping)
258
who did taiping want to take down?
manchus
259
US prop to Japan
Open door policy
260
year of open door policy
1899
261
Open Door policy, US worried...
China would become colonized by European powers
262
Open Door declaration
US proposed this which prevented colonization of China but opened up China to trade from all countries
263
What did Open door policy do?
Protected US trading rights in China, protected China from formal colonization but not from outside influence through trade of foreign powers
264
1905 Chinese Reform attempts
Empress sent chinese officials to study diff. gov. (Japan+major Euros)
265
1905 Chinese reform attempted to...
institute constitutional monarchy (like Japan)
266
outcome of 1905 reform attempts
change was slow and by 1911 Qing were defeated
267
What was important to John Locke
Society has trust that shall be employed for their good and the preservation of their property
268
what thinker cared abt prop.
john LOCKE
269
Voltaire cared about
UNIVERSAL TOLERANCE, "we should regard all men as our brothers"
270
Thomas Jefferson's beliefs found in
declaration of independence
271
Quotes from dec of ind
all me are created equal, unalienable rights, lifelibertypursuitofhappiness, just powers from consent of govern, ppl have right to form new gov.
272
Karl Marx nickname
father of modern socialism
273
What pissed of Karl Marx?
bad treatment of industrial workerss, capitalist system was to blame for evils in society, workers exploited
274
What Karl Marx wanted
Capitalism to be replaced by socialism
275
Karl Marx socialism and means of production
society, not priv. individuals, would own these
276
Karl Marx wanted every worker...
to be equal
277
Communist theory
abolish private property, bring all means of prod. into gov. hands
278
Karl Marx ideal society
classless
279
who copied europe just a taaaaaaaaad bit too much...
japan to the point where they didn't even need europe
280
Qing timeline
opium war tp china self strengthened and opened a door. boxer reform attempts
281
Mathew Perry arrives in Tokyo Harbor
- 5000 samurais on shore
- he refused to leave
- they gave in
282
what US gained from treaty w/ tokyo from mathew perry
large coal, whales (for oil), multimillion $ industry
283
Japan and China's pledge
not to send armies into korea
284
why was japan/china interested in korea
-korea important for trade/provided strategic military advantage
285
China/Japan sign ________ in ______
hands off of korea agreement in 1894
286
Cause of Russo-Japanese war
Japan's victory in sino-Japan surprised many, Russia and Japan emerged as new regional power
CONFLICT OVER MANCHURIA>>>war
287
Who won Russo-Japanese war?
Japanese, drove Russia out of Korea and captured most of Russia's pacific naval fleet
288
End of Russo-Japanese war
In treaty that ended war Japan gained territory and force Russia out of Korea and Manchuria
289
Sino-Japanese war case
June 1894 China broke agreement to stay out of Korea--China went into Korea to put down rebellions
290
Sino-Japanese war begins!
Japan goes to remove China from Korea--begins war
291
Who wins sino-Japanese war?
Japan, and gains first colonies including Taiwan
292
Japan and Korea-1905
made korea a protectorate
293
What year did Japan annex Korea?
1910
294
Japan ruling Korea
- harsh rulers
- shut down newspapers and took over education
- took land from korea for themselves
- started Japanese businesses in Korea-did not allow Koreans to do this
295
Japan timeline
mathew perry comes first, Mutsuhito Meiji start new gov., Japan/China make pledge hands off over korea, China breaks plesdge-->sino-japanese war, Russo-Japanese war, Japan annexes Korea
