Ch.27-34 Test Prep

Question 1

Vocab:

-Peptidoglycan

Answer 1

• A network of modified-sugar polymers cross-linked by short polypeptides.
• Most bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan.

Question 2

Vocab:

-Gram-positive bacteria

Answer 2

-have simpler walls w a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan.

Question 3

Vocab:

-Gram-negative bacteria

Answer 3

Have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, w an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides.

Question 4

Vocab:

-Capsule

Answer 4

• A sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein.
• Enables prokaryotes to adhere to their substrate or to other individuals in a colony.
• The cell wall of many prokaryotes is covered by a capsule.
• protect from dehydration and shield pathogenic prokaryotes from attacks by their host’s immune system.

Question 5

Vocab:

-Fibriae

Answer 5

• Hair-like protein appendages that some prokaryotes use to stick to their substrate or to one another.
• usually shorter and more numerous than sex pili.

Question 6

Vocab:

Sex pili

Answer 6

Appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other.

Question 7

Vocab:

Nucleoid region

Answer 7

• A part of the cytoplasm that appears lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm in electron micrographs.
• Location of chromosomes in prokaryotes.

Question 8

Vocab:

-Plasmids

Answer 8

Smaller rings of separately replicating DNA; most carrying only a few genes.

Question 9

How long does it take for prokaryotes to produce a new generation.

Answer 9

20 minutes

Question 10

Vocab:

-Transformation

Answer 10

The genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings.

Question 11

Vocab:

-Transduction

Answer 11

Bacteriophages carry bacterial genes from one host call to another.

Question 12

When essential nutrient is lacking, certain bacteria develop resistant calls called ______________.

Answer 12

Endospores

Question 13

Vocab:

-Conjugation

Answer 13

Genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells (of the same species) that are temporarily joined.

Question 14

Vocab:

-Photoautotrophs

Answer 14

Photosynthetic organisms that capture light energy and use it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from Carbon Dioxide or other inorganic carbon compounds.

Question 15

Vocab:

-Chemoautotrophs

Answer 15

Need only an inorganic compound such as Carbon Dioxide as a carbon source.
Instead of using light as an energy source, they oxidize inorganic substances.

Question 16

Vocab:

-Photoheterotrophs

Answer 16

Harness energy from light but must obtain carbon in organic form.
-Unique to certain marine and halophilic (salt-loving) prokaryotes.

Question 17

Vocab:

-Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 17

Must consume organic molecules to obtain both energy and carbon.
-Fungi, animals, most Protista and even some parasitic plants are chemoheterotrophs.

Question 18

Vocab:

-Obligate aerobes

Answer 18

Use oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it.

Question 19

Vocab:

-Obligate anaerobes

Answer 19

Poisoned by oxygen.

Question 20

_______________ is essential for the production of amino acids.

Answer 20

Nitrogen

Question 21

Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species often occurs in surface-coating colonies known as __________.

Answer 21

Biofilms

Question 22

Vocab:

-Extremophiles

Answer 22

“Lovers of extreme conditions”

Question 23

Vocab:

• Extreme halophiles
• halo

Answer 23

• live in highly saline environments

- halo is Greek for salt

Question 24

Vocab:

• Extreme thermophiles
• thermos

Answer 24

• thrive in very hot environments

- thermos is Greek for hot

Question 25

Vocab: | -symbiosis

Answer 25

An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with one another.

Question 26

In general, the larger organism in a symbiotic relationship is known as the ________, and the smaller is known as the ___________.

Answer 26

- host | - symbiont

Question 27

Vocab: | -Mutualism

Answer 27

An ecological interaction between two species in which both benefit.

Question 28

Vocab: | -Commensalism

Answer 28

An ecological relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not harmed or helped in any significant way.

Question 29

Vocab: | -Parasitism

Answer 29

An ecological relationship in which a parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host.

Question 30

Parasites that cause disease are known as ___________.

Answer 30

Pathogens

Question 31

Vocab: | -Exotoxins

Answer 31

Proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms.

Question 32

Vocab: | -Endotoxins

Answer 32

-Lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

Question 33

When are endotoxins released?

Answer 33

Only when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down.

Question 34

Vocab: | -Bioremediation

Answer 34

The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water.

Question 35

Vocab: | -mixotrophy

Answer 35

Combination of photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition.

Question 36

Vocab: | -Alternation of generations

Answer 36

The alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid form.

Question 37

Vocab: | -heteromorphic

Answer 37

Meaning that the sporophytes and gametophytes are structurally different.

Question 38

Vocab: | -Isomorphic generations

Answer 38

In which I be sporophytes and gsmetophytes look similar to each other, although they differ in chromosome number.

Question 39

What does sporopollenin prevent?

Answer 39

It prevents exposed zygotes from drying out.

Question 40

Vocab: | -sporophylls

Answer 40

Modified leaves that bear sporangia

Question 41

Vocab: | -homosporous

Answer 41

They have one type of sporangium that produce one type of spore.

Question 42

Vocab: | -heterosporous

Answer 42

Species with two types of sporangia and produce two kinds of spores

Question 43

The whole structure-megasporangium, megastore, and their integument(s)-is called an _________.

Answer 43

Ovule

Question 44

Vocab: | -Pollination

Answer 44

The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant that contains the ovules.

Question 45

Vocab: | -Progymnosperms

Answer 45

Transitional species of Seedless vascular plants

Question 46

Vocab: | -Double Fertilization

Answer 46

- One fertilization event produces a zygote and the other produces a triploid cell. - unique to angiosperms

Question 47

Vocab: | -Endosperm

Answer 47

Tissue rich in starch and other food reserves that nourish the developing embryo.

Question 48

Vocab: | -Monocots

Answer 48

Angiosperm species with one cotyledon

Question 49

Vocab: | -Dicots

Answer 49

Angiosperm species with two cotyledon

Question 50

What are Eudicots also known as?

Answer 50

"True" dicots

Question 51

Review: | Define Heterotrophs

Answer 51

Cannot make their own food as plants and algae can. (In this case talking about fungi)

Question 52

What are fungal cell walls strengthened by?

Answer 52

Chitin

Question 53

Vocab: | -Haustoria

Answer 53

Specialized hyphae which the fungi use to extract nutrients from-or exchange nutrients with-their hosts.

Question 54

Review: | -Hyphae

Answer 54

A network of tiny filaments, typically formed by the bodies of fungi.

Question 55

Vocab: | -Mycorrihzae

Answer 55

Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots.

Question 56

Many fungi reproduce asexually by growing as filamentous fungi that produce (haploid) spores by mitosis; such species are known informally as __________.

Answer 56

Molds