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Biology I > Ch.3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of life > Flashcards

Ch.3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of life Flashcards

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1
Q

A compund containing carbon is said to be?

A

Organic Compound

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2
Q

Critically important large molecules of all living things fall into four main classes, what are they?

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids

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3
Q

Methane chemical formula

And Molecular shape

A

CH4

Tehrahedron

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4
Q

Ethane chemical formula

and

Molecular shape

A

C2H6

Two overlaping tetrahedrons

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5
Q

Ethene (ethylene)

Formula

And

Shape

A

C2H4

Two Carbon atoms are joined by double bond

All molecules attached to those carbons are in the same plane

THIS MOLECULE IS FLAT

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6
Q

What are the four main atoms in an organic molecule?

And

How many Valence electrons do they each have?

A
  1. Hydrogen Valence =1
  2. Oxygen Valence = 2
  3. Nitrogen Valence = 3
  4. Carbon Valence =4
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7
Q

The number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell of an atom generally equal the atoms what?

And what does that mean for the atoms bonding?

A

Valence

That is the number of bonds the atom can form

Ex, Hydrogen has one valence so it can form one bond.

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8
Q

Is a Carbon is bonded to four other atoms what Molecular shape does it make?

A

Tetrahedral Shape

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9
Q

What is a Hydrocarbon

A

Organic molecules consisting of only Carbon and Hydrogen.

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10
Q

Petroleum is made up of what?

A

Hydrocarbons

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11
Q

What do lipids and petroleum have in common and why arent they able to do this?

A

They are both Hydrophobic and it is because they are both non-polar

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12
Q

What are the four ways that carbon skeltons and vary?

A

Length

Branching

Double bond position

Presence of rings

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13
Q

Define an Isomer, and name the three types

A

Compounds that have the same number if atoms of the same elements, but different structures and hence different properties.

Structural isomers

Cis-trans isomers

and

Enantiomers

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14
Q

Structural isomers

A

Strutural isomers differ in the covalent arrangments of their atoms.

The number of possible isomers increases as carbon skeletons increase in size

Structual isomers also might differ in location of double bonds

Example,

C5H12

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15
Q

Cis-trans isomers

A

carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but the atoms differ in their spatial arrangement due to inflexibility of double bonds

The subtle differences in shape between such isomers can greatly affect the activities of organic molecules

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16
Q

Enantiomers

A

are isomers that are mirror images of one another and differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon

Enantiomers are left-handed and right-handed versions of the same molecule

Usually only one isomer is biologically active

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17
Q

What are the names of the 7 functional groups and what do they do?

A

Chemical groups can replace one or more of the hydrogens bonded to the carbon skeleton of a hydrocarbon

Functional groups are the chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions

Each functional group participates in chemical reactions in a characteristic way

The seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life:

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  1. Hydroxyl group
  2. Carbonyl group
  3. Carboxyl group
  4. Amino group
  5. Sulfhydryl group
  6. Phosphate group
  7. Methyl group
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18
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

An organic phosphate molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), has an important function in the cell

ATP consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups

ATP stores the potential to react with water, releasing energy that can be used by the cell

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19
Q

Macromolecules

A

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a Carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.

Macro (LARGE)

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20
Q

Polymer

A

is a long molecule consisting of many similiar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

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21
Q

Monomers

A

(Greek for mono meaning single)

The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer.

Some molecules that serve as monomers also have other functions of their own

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22
Q

Enzymes

A

Specialized macromolecules (usually proteins) that speed up chemical reactions.

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23
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

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24
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction.

Hydrolysis means water breakage

(from Greek Hydro, water and Lysis, break)

The bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule, with a hydrogen from water attaching to one monomer and the hydroxyl group attaching to an another.

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25
Carbohydrates
Include both sugar and polymers of sugar. The simplest carbohydrates are the **monosaccharides**, or simple sugars. These are the monomers from which more complex carbohydrates are built. **Disaccharides** are double sugars, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond. Carbohydrates also include macromolecules called **polysaccharides**, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks joined together by dehydration reaction.
26
Monosaccharides
(from the Greek *monos*, single, and *sacchar*, sugar) Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton and the placement of the carbonyl group. **The Carbon skeleton of a sugar molecule ranges from 3-7 carbons long!**
27
Ketone
when the carbonyl group is within the carbon skeleton.
28
Aldehyde
If the carbonyl group (\>C=O) is at the end of a carbon skeleton
29
What is the difference between a fructose and glucose carbon skeleton?
Glucose and fructose are both hexoses C6H12O6 (containing 6 carbon atoms) in their skeleton The differenc is glucose is a aldehyde (containg the carbonyl outside the skeleton) and Fructose is a Ketone (carbonyl inside the carbons skeleton)
30
What shape do sugars make when in aqueous solutions
Though often drawn as linear skeletons, in aqueous solutions many sugars form rings
31
Disaccharide
Two monosacharides joined together by (glycosidic linkage), a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
32
glycosidic linkage
(*glyco =* carbohydrates) a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
33
Polysaccharides
the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles The structure and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of glycosidic linkages
34
Starch
a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers §Plants store surplus starch as granules Most animals have enzymes that can hydrolyze plant start, making glucose available as a nutrient
35
Glycogen
is a storage polysaccharide in animals Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in liver and muscle cells
36
Cellulose
The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells Like starch and glycogen, cellulose is a polymer of glucose, but the glycosidic linkages in cellulose differ The difference is based on two ring forms for glucose
37
Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing "a" linkages can’t hydrolyze "b" linkages in cellulose. What happeneds to the the b linkages of cellulose the system Give some examples of cellulose
Cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as insoluble fiber. Some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose Many herbivores, from cows to termites, have symbiotic relationships with these microbes
38
How do the molecules of glycosidic linkages in starch and celluslose differ?
Certain starch molecules are largely helical. the cellulose molecule is straight
39
What is chitin?
another structural polysaccharide (polymers with a few hundred to few thousand glycosidic linkages), is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods Chitin also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi
40
Lipids
do not form true polymers The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no affinity for water Lipids are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds The most biologically important lipids are * fats, * phospholipids, and * steroids
41
Fats are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: Name them
glycerol and fatty acids Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
42
A fatty acid consists of What?
A fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
43
Saturated fatty acids
have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
44
Unsaturated fatty acids name two types
Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds Plant fats and fish fats are usually unsaturated
45
Which type of fat do animals mainly consist of?
Fats made from saturated fatty acids are called saturated fats and are solid at room temperature Most animal fats are saturated
46
phospholipid
two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol The two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head Phospholipids are major constituents of cell membranes
47
Steroids
are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
48
Cholesterol
Cholesterol, an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes Although cholesterol is essential in animals, high levels in the blood may contribute to atherosclerosis
49
Ezymatic proteins
Function: Selective acceleration of chemical reactions ex Disgestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules.
50
Defensive proteins
Function: Protection against disease Example, Antibodies inactivate and help destory viruses and bacteria.
51
Storage proteins
Functions: Storage of amino acids
52
transport proteins
Function: Transport of substances
53
Hormonal proteins
Function: Coordination of an organisms activities
54
Receptor proteins
Function: Response of cell to chemical stimuli
55
Contractile and motor proteins
Function: Movement
56
Structural proteins
Funtion: support
57
Enzymatic proteins act as catalysts to do what in a chemical reaction
to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction
58
Polypeptides
are unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids ## Footnote Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds A polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids Polypeptides range in length from a few to more than a thousand monomers Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids, with a carboxyl end (C-terminus) and an amino end (N-terminus)
59
Protein
A protein is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides (chain of amino acids)
60
Proteins structure and function
A functional protein consists of one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape The amino acid sequence of each polypeptide leads to a protein’s three-dimensional structure A protein’s structure determines its function
61
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Proteins are very diverse, but share three superimposed levels of structure called primary, secondary, and tertiary structure A fourth level, quaternary structure, arises when a protein consists of two or more polypeptide chains
62
Breifly describe the four levels of protein structure in order
The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids Secondary structure, found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain Tertiary structure is determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups) Quaternary structure results from interactions between multiple polypeptide chains
63
Sickle-cell disease
A slight change in primary structure can affect a protein’s structure and ability to function Sickle-cell disease, an inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin
64
What is Denaturation
In addition to amino acid sequence, physical and chemical conditions can affect protein structure Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental factors can cause a protein to unravel This loss of a protein’s native structure is called denaturation A denatured protein is biologically inactive
65
X-ray crystallography
It is difficult to predict a protein’s structure from its primary structure Most proteins probably go through several intermediate structures on their way to their final, stable shape Scientists use X-ray crystallography to determine 3-D protein stucture based on diffractions of an X-ray beam by atoms of the crystalized molecule
66
gene
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a gene Genes are made of DNA, a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides
67
Name the two types of nucleic acids and describe what they do
There are two types of nucleic acids **Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)** **Ribonucleic acid (RNA)** **DNA** provides directions for its own replication DNA also directs synthesis of **messenger RNA** (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis
68
polynucleotides
Nucleic acids are polymers called polynucleotides
69
Nucleotides what are they and what are their pairings
Each polynucleotide is made of monomers called nucleotides Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups The portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group is called a nucleoside Adeine to thynein Cytosine to guinene
70
Each nitrogenous base has one or two rings that include nitrogen atoms There are two families of nitrogenous bases name the and tell which ones go to DNA and which Go to RNA
Pyrimidines include cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) Purines include adenine (A) and guanine (G) Thymine is found only in DNA, and uracil only in RNA; the rest are found in both DNA and RNA
71
What is a nucleoside with at least one phosphate attached
A nucleoside with at least one phosphate attached is a nucleotide
72
What is a double helix in a DNA molecule and what does antiparallel mean in this molecule
DNA molecules have two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis, forming a double helix In the DNA double helix, the two backbones run in opposite 5¢→ 3¢ directions from each other, an arrangement referred to as antiparallel One DNA molecule includes many genes
73
The nitrogenous bases in DNA pair up and form hydrogen bonds: Name them
adenine (A) always with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always with cytosine (C) This is called complementary base pairing
74
Genomics
Genomics is the approach used to analyze large sets of genes or compare the genomes of different species
75
76
Name all 20 amino acids first the Nonpolar side chains second the Polar side chains and last the electrically charged side chains (negative and positive)
Nonpolar side chains have nine mnemonic Good ass vagina licking is my passion try pot **Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Proline.** Polar side chains mnemonic: Slide through all girls coochies -Ty dollar signs **Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, Glutamine, Cysteine, Tyrosine** Electrically charged mneumonic: Ass grab **Aspartic acid, and Glutamic Acid** Negative because girls dont like having their ass grabbed mnemonic: Lick All Holes **Lysine, Arginine, Histidine** All baisic girls like being licked Postive outcome

Biology I (8 decks)

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